{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:09:01Z","timestamp":1784268541157,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucosamine has been proposed as a therapeutic option for temporomandibular disorders (TMD), particularly temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA), but its effectiveness and safety remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the benefits and harms of oral glucosamine supplementation in patients with TMJ OA and other\/unspecified TMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Embase through October 8, 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating oral glucosamine supplementation in patients with any type of TMD, including TMJ OA, were selected. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, and the GRADE methodology was applied to assess the certainty of the evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven RCTs were included. In patients with TMJ OA, compared with placebo, glucosamine may not result in a clinically important reduction in pain at \u22643 months (MD \u22121.58\u2005mm; 95% CI \u22125.98 to 2.83; low certainty) and probably does not provide a clinically important reduction at 6 months despite statistical significance (MD \u22127.02\u2005mm; 95% CI \u221211.95 to \u22122.09; moderate certainty). Glucosamine improved quality of life at 12 months (MD \u22124.14; 95% CI \u22126.41 to \u22121.87; high certainty). Compared with active controls, the effect on pain was uncertain, although quality of life may improve at 3 months. In patients with other\/unspecified TMD, glucosamine may not meaningfully reduce pain but may increase maximum pain-free mandibular opening at 3 months. Evidence regarding adverse and serious adverse events was very uncertain across comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral glucosamine does not provide a clinically important reduction in pain in TMJ OA or other\/unspecified TMD but may improve quality of life in TMJ OA. Evidence for functional outcomes and adverse events remains uncertain, highlighting the need for high-quality randomized trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024531131<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD42024531131\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1868023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:45:22Z","timestamp":1784267122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucosamine supplementation in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Calzada-Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdiz\u00e1n","place":["Hu\u00e1nuco, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Aguirre-Ipenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Continental","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Serna-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego","place":["Trujillo, Peru"]},{"name":"Hospital Regional Jos\u00e9 Cayetano Heredia, Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud)","place":["Piura, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Valeriano-Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Mendoza-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega","place":["Lima, Peru"]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Farmacovigilancia, Acceso y Uso, Direcci\u00f3n General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas (DIGEMID)","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Hueda-Zavaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada de Tacna","place":["Tacna, 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