{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:44:51Z","timestamp":1785908691532,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated changes in salivary biomarkers collected by oral rinsing during different phases of a standard professional football training, and how these changes correlated with perceived training intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 28 professional football players. Saliva was collected by means of oral rinse with water. It was collected at three time-points during a single training session: before training, after warming-up, and after outdoor training. Players were asked to self-report the intensity of the training after each time-point on a scale from 1 to 10. The following biomarkers were measured: protein, carbohydrate and immunoglobulin-A (IgA) concentrations, and enzymatic activity of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -amylase, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Protein concentration increased during training (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -Amylase activity\/protein ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) increased while the IgA\/protein ratio(\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and carbohydrates\/protein ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) significantly decreased. No association was found between the self-perceived intensity of training and changes in the biomarkers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows that saliva composition changes in response to a regular football training session. These changes did not correlate with self-perceived intensity of training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1869353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:51:28Z","timestamp":1785905488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in saliva composition during different training phases in professional football players"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Antoon J. M.","family":"Ligtenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ektor C.","family":"Petras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Nazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)","place":["Amsterdam, 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