{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:04:02Z","timestamp":1789535042746,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Dent. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate shade selection is essential for aesthetic dental restorations and relies on the clinician's color perception. Color vision deficiency (CVD) may impair this ability, yet data on its prevalence and clinical impact among dentists in Saudi Arabia are limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CVD and its association with shade-matching accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study included 150 dental students, interns, general dentists, and specialists. Color vision was assessed using the Ishihara test and categorized as normal, borderline, or red\u2013green CVD. Shade-matching accuracy was evaluated using the VITA Classical Shade Guide under standardized lighting. Group differences were analysed using the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test with\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Holm adjustment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Normal color vision was observed in 78.7% of participants, 6.0% had red\u2013green CVD, and 15.3% showed borderline findings. Shade-matching accuracy differed significantly across groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), with the highest accuracy in participants with normal color vision and the lowest in those with red\u2013green CVD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVD is present among dentists in Saudi Arabia and is associated with reduced shade-matching accuracy. Awareness of color vision status may be important in dental education and clinical practice. Routine color vision screening may therefore be warranted as part of dental education curricula and pre-clinical training programmes to identify clinicians who may benefit from corrective strategies or instrument-assisted shade matching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2026.1906369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1789532935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of color vision deficiency among Saudi dentists and its effect on shade selection: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mai","family":"Almarzouki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lama Abdullah","family":"Khateri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Department of Dental, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada J.","family":"Farsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(12)60102-4","article-title":"Visual and instrumental evaluation of color match ability of 2 shade guides on a ceramic system","volume":"108","author":"\u00d6ng\u00fcl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Disabilities among medical students: prevalence of color vision deficiency as an example","volume":"30","author":"Alali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Med J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17008","DOI":"10.1038\/bdjopen.2017.8","article-title":"Eyesight: a study of the staff of a dental school","volume":"3","author":"Chandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"B4","author":"Pinner","year":"2021"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12883","article-title":"Comparison of visual shade matching and photographic shade analysis","volume":"34","author":"Rond\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.7213\/aor.v3i3.23133","article-title":"Color vision defect and tooth shade selection among Nigerian dental practitioners","volume":"3","author":"Bamise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Oral Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2006.10.001","article-title":"Comparison of the shade matching ability of dental students using two light sources","volume":"96","author":"Fm","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3913(98)70049-6","article-title":"Evaluation of visual and instrument shade matching","volume":"80","author":"Sr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1714766","article-title":"Frequency of color vision deficiency among Saudi dental students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030252","article-title":"A clinician\u2019s perspective on the accuracy of the shade determination of dental ceramics\u2014a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Dudkiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/201010581402300209","article-title":"Colour vision deficiency: is it a handicap? 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