{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T23:51:57Z","timestamp":1777333917209,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["676819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["676819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Earth Sci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T04:17:22Z","timestamp":1563250642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Near Real-Time Measurement of Snow Water Equivalent in the Nepal Himalayas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"James D.","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inka","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuomo M.","family":"Saloranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Litt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmy E.","family":"Stigter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"M\u00f8en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrit","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjetil","family":"Melvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter W.","family":"Immerzeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GC003513","article-title":"Evaluation of precipitation data sets along the Himalayan front.","volume":"12","author":"Andermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9010044","article-title":"Advances in snow hydrology using a combined approach of GNSS in situ stations, hydrological modelling and earth observation\u2014a case study in Canada.","volume":"9","author":"Appel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.591","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glacier Status in Nepal and Decadal Change from 1980 to 2010 Based on Landsat Data."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04141","article-title":"Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions.","volume":"438","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-677-2011","article-title":"The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description. Part 1: energy and water fluxes.","volume":"4","author":"Best","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215828","article-title":"The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers.","volume":"336","author":"Bolch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001426","article-title":"Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge.","volume":"115","author":"Bookhagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.01.032","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in seasonal snow density.","volume":"484","author":"Bormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000009552","article-title":"A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting.","volume":"38","author":"Brun","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000009254","article-title":"An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting.","volume":"35","author":"Brun","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"B11","year":"2015","journal-title":"CS725 Snow Water Equivalent Sensor Instruction Manual."},{"key":"B12","year":"2016","journal-title":"SR50AT-316SS-SR50ATH Sensor Instruction Manual."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19623","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900093","article-title":"Spatial modeling and prediction of snow-water equivalent using ground-based, airborne, and satellite snow data.","volume":"104","author":"Carroll","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"B14","article-title":"\u201cGMON, a new sensor for snow water equivalent via gamma monitoring,\u201d in","author":"Choquette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings Whistler 2008 International Snow Science Workshop"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-15-0035.1","article-title":"An improved trajectory model to evaluate the collection performance of snow gauges.","volume":"54","author":"Colli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.010","article-title":"Factors affecting remotely sensed snow water equivalent uncertainty.","volume":"97","author":"Dong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2009.02.008","article-title":"Comparison of different automatic methods for estimating snow water equivalent.","volume":"57","author":"Egli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Regions Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B18","article-title":"\u201cSnow pillows: Use and verification,\u201d in","author":"Engeset","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Snow Engineering, Snow Engineering: Recent Advances and Developments"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.07.013","article-title":"A comparison of 1701 snow models using observations from an alpine site.","volume":"55","author":"Essery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532","article-title":"A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009.","volume":"340","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.320","article-title":"Estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils.","volume":"15","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10295","article-title":"Are flat-field snow depth measurements representative? A comparison of selected index sites with areal snow depth measurements at the small catchment scale.","volume":"29","author":"Gr\u00fcnewald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4961","article-title":"Climate and topographic controls on snow cover dynamics in the Hindu Kush Himalaya.","volume":"37","author":"Gurung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9799","article-title":"Estimating precipitation phase using a psychrometric energy balance method.","volume":"27","author":"Harder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1085(199808\/09)12:10\/11<1611::aid-hyp684>3.0.co;2-4","article-title":"Measurements and modelling of snow interception in the boreal forest.","volume":"12","author":"Hedstrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2802494","article-title":"Snow water equivalent of dry snow derived from GNSS carrier phases.","volume":"56","author":"Henkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.11.001","article-title":"In-situ measured spectral directional emissivity of snow and ice in the 8-14 m atmospheric window.","volume":"100","author":"Hori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.08.010","article-title":"Large-scale monitoring of snow cover and runoff simulation in Himalayan river basins using remote sensing.","volume":"113","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014506","article-title":"The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas.","volume":"50","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate change will affect the Asian water towers.","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011006","article-title":"Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds.","volume":"48","author":"Jepsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1310","article-title":"A theory of pressure sensor performance in snow.","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10211","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a new electronic snow water equivalent sensor in different climates.","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.5795","article-title":"The detection and correction of snow water equivalent pressure sensor errors.","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.09.021","article-title":"Estimating the snow water equivalent from snow depth measurements in the Swiss Alps.","volume":"378","author":"Jonas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2000)081<1577:doffsi>2.3.co;2","article-title":"Density of freshly fallen snow in the central Rocky Mountains.","volume":"81","author":"Judson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6793","article-title":"Determining snow water equivalent by acoustic sounding.","volume":"21","author":"Kinar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process. Int. J."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000481","article-title":"Measurement of the physical properties of the snowpack.","volume":"53","author":"Kinar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-3525-2017","article-title":"Analysis of single-Alter-shielded and unshielded measurements of mixed and solid precipitation from WMO-SPICE.","volume":"21","author":"Kochendorfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(79)90107-0","article-title":"An application of cosmic-ray neutron measurements to the determination of the snow-water equivalent.","volume":"41","author":"Kodama","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23878","article-title":"Impact of a 1.5\u00b0C global temperature rise on Asia\u2019s glaciers.","volume":"549","author":"Kraaijenbrink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2004.829","article-title":"Winter Storms in the central Himalayas.","volume":"82","author":"Lang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-232x(99)00022-1","article-title":"SNOWPACK model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations.","volume":"30","author":"Lehning","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cold Regions Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.08.010","article-title":"Small scale spatial variability of snow density and depth over complex alpine terrain: Implications for estimating snow water equivalent.","volume":"55","author":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Water Res."},{"key":"B45","author":"Lutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comprehensive Review of Climate Change and the Impacts on Cryosphere, Hydrological Regimes and Glacier Lakes."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2237","article-title":"Consistent increase in High Asia\u2019s runoff due to increasing glacier melt and precipitation.","volume":"4","author":"Lutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011178","article-title":"Evaluation of precipitation from the ERA-40 NCEP-1 and NCEP-2 reanalyses and CMAP-1 CMAP-2 and GPCP-2 with ground-based measurements in China.","volume":"114","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"B48","article-title":"\u201cGauge undercatch of two common snowfall gauges in a prairie environment,\u201d in","author":"MacDonald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 64th Eastern Snow Conference"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2008.4774560","article-title":"\u201cAn unattended gamma monitor for the determination of snow water equivalent (SWE) using the natural ground gamma radiation,\u201d in","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2008. NSS\u201908. IEEE"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-521-2014","article-title":"Modeling bulk density and snow water equivalent using daily snow depth observations.","volume":"8","author":"McCreight","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-014-0355-z","article-title":"Adjustment to rainfall measurement undercatch with a tipping-bucket rain gauge using ground-level manual gauges.","volume":"127","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/met.40","article-title":"Predicting snow density using meteorological data.","volume":"14","author":"Mel\u00f8ysund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-3921-2013","article-title":"Precipitation and snow cover in the Himalaya: from reanalysis to regional climate simulations.","volume":"17","author":"M\u00e9n\u00e9goz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"B54","article-title":"\u201cSnowpack snow water equivalent measurement using the attenuation of cosmic gamma radiation,\u201d in","author":"Osterhuber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings Western Snow Conference"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018697","article-title":"Precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya: observations and future scenarios.","volume":"118","author":"Palazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"B56","author":"Pipes","year":"1977","journal-title":"UBC Watershed Model Users Guide."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/415632","article-title":"Validation of the HIRHAM-simulated Indian summer monsoon circulation.","volume":"2010","author":"Polanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-889-2013","article-title":"Quantifying present and future glacier melt-water contribution to runoff in a central Himalayan river basin.","volume":"7","author":"Prasch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00052.1","article-title":"How well are we measuring snow: the NOAA\/FAA\/NCAR winter precipitation test bed.","volume":"93","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.09.056","article-title":"Missing (in-situ) snow cover data hampers climate change and runoff studies in the Greater Himalayas.","volume":"468","author":"Rohrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1658-8","article-title":"High resolution simulation of the South Asian monsoon using a variable resolution global climate model.","volume":"41","author":"Sabin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"B62","author":"Saloranta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measuring and Modelling Snow Cover and Melt in a Himalayan Catchment: Instrumentation and model code setup in the Langtang catchment, Nepal. Lessons learned from the SnowAMP Project, nve Working Paper 2016\/10."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00129","article-title":"A model setup for mapping snow conditions in High-Mountain Himalaya.","volume":"7","author":"Saloranta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-1323-2012","article-title":"Simulating snow maps for Norway: description and statistical evaluation of the seNorge snow model.","volume":"6","author":"Saloranta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1825-2014","article-title":"Influence of stress, temperature and crystal morphology on isothermal densification and specific surface area decrease of new snow.","volume":"8","author":"Schleef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900090","article-title":"Characteristics of the western United States snowpack from snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) data.","volume":"35","author":"Serreze","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90228-Y","article-title":"The effect of a precipitation gauge orifice rim on the wind field deformation as investigated in a wind tunnel.","volume":"25","author":"Sevruk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. Part A Gen. Top."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-329-2014","article-title":"What drives basin scale spatial variability of snowpack properties in northern Colorado?","volume":"8","author":"Sexstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2015.1020417","article-title":"A comparative high-altitude meteorological analysis from three catchments in the Nepalese Himalaya.","volume":"31","author":"Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Dev."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004519","article-title":"Challenges in obtaining reliable measurements of point rainfall.","volume":"43","author":"Sieck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.06.005","article-title":"Impact of warmer climate on melt and evaporation for the rainfed, snowfed and glacierfed basins in the Himalayan region.","volume":"300","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(96)03142-3","article-title":"Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river.","volume":"193","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.03.037","article-title":"Assessing uncertainty and sensor biases in passive microwave data across High Mountain Asia.","volume":"181","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701550","article-title":"Changes in seasonal snow water equivalent distribution in High Mountain Asia (1987 to 2009).","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-2329-2017","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of High Mountain Asia\u2019s snowmelt season identified with an automated snowmelt detection algorithm, 1987\u20132016.","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-101-2017","article-title":"An assessment of two automated snow water equivalent instruments during the WMO solid precipitation intercomparison experiment.","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7128","article-title":"Changes in snowpack and snowmelt runoff for key mountain regions.","volume":"23","author":"Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00108","article-title":"The importance of snow sublimation on a Himalayan Glacier.","volume":"6","author":"Stigter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-1647-2017","article-title":"Assimilation of snow cover and snow depth into a snow model to estimate snow water equivalent and snowmelt runoff in a Himalayan catchment.","volume":"11","author":"Stigter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B80","author":"Stranden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recommendations for Automatic Measurements of Snow Water Equivalent in NVE."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-2-53-2008","article-title":"Is sublimation important for alpine water balance?","volume":"2","author":"Strasser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0260305500014683","article-title":"Differences in compaction behavior of three climate classes of snow.","volume":"26","author":"Sturm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1202.1","article-title":"Estimating snow water equivalent using snow depth data and climate classes.","volume":"11","author":"Sturm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"B84","author":"Sutron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Total Precip Gauge (TPG), TPG-0001-1 TPG-0003-1 Operations &amp; Maintenance Manual."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.014","article-title":"Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and groundbased measurements.","volume":"115","author":"Takala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqpro.2015.02.118","article-title":"Snowfall and snowmelt variability over Himalayan region in inter-annual timescale.","volume":"4","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Preced."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1506-y","article-title":"Examination of snowmelt over Western Himalayas using remote sensing data.","volume":"125","author":"Tiwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1769-2013","article-title":"Seasonal and annual mass balances of Mera and Pokalde glaciers (Nepal Himalaya) since 2007.","volume":"7","author":"Wagnon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2012.166","article-title":"Measurements of wind-induced loss of solid precipitation: description of a Norwegian field study.","volume":"44","author":"Wolff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-951-2015","article-title":"Derivation of a new continuous adjustment function for correcting wind-induced loss of solid precipitation: results of a Norwegian field study.","volume":"19","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"B91","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Performance Analysis of CS725 Snow Water Equivalent Sensor."},{"key":"B92","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"CS725 Frozen Potential: The Ability to Predict Snow Water Equivalent is Essential."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0054:aonsnp>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Accuracy of NWS 8\u201d standard nonrecording precipitation gauge: results and application of WMO Intercomparison.","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-366.1","article-title":"A bias-corrected precipitation climatology for China.","volume":"5","author":"Ye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-785-2014","article-title":"Snow density climatology across the former USSR.","volume":"8","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Earth Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/feart.2019.00177\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T23:17:14Z","timestamp":1663975034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/feart.2019.00177\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/feart.2019.00177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2019.00177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-6463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-6463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"article-number":"177"}}