{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:08:01Z","timestamp":1782954481768,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Earth Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land degradation is one of the critical ecological issue in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB). This study investigates land degradation in ASB during 1982\u20132015 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a proxy. The residual trend (RESTREND) for temperature, precipitation, soil moisture adjusted NDVI has been applied to identify the land degradation in ASB and quantify the contribution of climate factors such as temperature and rainfall. In addition, a binary logistic regression model is adopted to assess the contributions of land transition, socio-economic, and topographical conditions on land degradation. Based on RESTREND, the relative contribution of precipitation (30.2%), soil moisture (23%), and temperature (11.4%) indicates that precipitation is one of the main driving factors of land degradation. The results further revealed that 36.5% of ASB is degraded, which is mostly concentrated in the lower part of the ASB. In contrast, 33.2% of ASB depicts land improvement, especially in the upper part of the basin. According to the land transition assessment, 66.6% of the water area and 11.68% of forest converted to barren land and shrubland during the study period, respectively. The binary logistic regression model demonstrated water and forest area transitions into shrubland and barren land as the major contributors of contemporary land degradation in ASB. Cropland recorded a net increment by 2.69% of its initial area, and the abandoned cropland converted to shrubland and barren lands that negatively impacted land cover change. This in-depth analysis of land degradation can assist in designing pragmatic policy interventions for implementing land restoration plans in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.690000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T01:37:49Z","timestamp":1633052269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Identifying Land Degradation and its Driving Factors in the Aral Sea Basin From 1982 to 2015"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Timur","family":"Berdimbetov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu-Guo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherly","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahibjamal","family":"Nietullaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Response of the Climate System to Small Temperature Perturbations in the Aral Sea Region","volume":"15","author":"Abdurahimov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Nov. Comp. Center, Num. Model. Atmosph., Etc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3390\/w12061738","article-title":"Drought Risk Assessment in Cultivated Areas of Central Asia Using MODIS Time-Series Data","volume":"12","author":"Aitekeyeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135439","article-title":"Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics Analysis of the Togodo Protected Area and its Surroundings in Southeastern Togo, West Africa","volume":"12","author":"Akod\u00e9wou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2009_8","article-title":"Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers and Their Deltas","volume-title":"The Aral Sea Environment","author":"Asarin","year":"2010"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-29779-0_1","article-title":"Policy Reforms and Agriculture Development in Central Asia: An Overview of Issues and Challanges","volume-title":"Policy Reforms and Agriculture Development in Central Asia","author":"Babu","year":"2006"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/045501","article-title":"Satellite Observations of High Northern Latitude Vegetation Productivity Changes between 1982 and 2008: Ecological Variability and Regional Differences","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"303","article-title":"Climatic Change and Human Activities Link to Vegetation Dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin Using NDVI","volume-title":"Earth Systems and Environment","author":"Berdimbetov","year":"2021"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology7020030","article-title":"Impact of Climate Factors and Human Activities on Water Resources in the Aral Sea Basin","volume":"7","author":"Berdimbetov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. MDPI"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174788","article-title":"Variation in Runoff of the Arys River and Keles River Watersheds (Kazakhstan), as Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity","volume":"11","author":"Bissenbayeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2829","article-title":"The Global Significance of Omitting Soil Erosion from Soil Organic Carbon Cycling Schemes","volume":"6","author":"Chappell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim Change"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.022","article-title":"Using Satellite Based Soil Moisture to Quantify the Water Driven Variability in NDVI: A Case Study over mainland Australia","volume":"140","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote sensing Environ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115","article-title":"NDVI-based Vegetation Dynamics and its Response to Climate Changes at Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin from 1982 to 2015","volume":"650","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-015-1158-y","article-title":"Start of Vegetation Growing Season on the Tibetan Plateau Inferred from Multiple Methods Based on GIMMS and SPOT NDVI Data","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.01.013","article-title":"Global Desertification: Drivers and Feedbacks","volume":"51","author":"D\u2019Odorico","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2904-6","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Analyses of Cropland Degradation in the Irrigated Lowlands of Uzbekistan Using Remote-Sensing and Logistic Regression Modeling","volume":"185","author":"Dubovyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Effects of Deforestation on Land Degradation","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2017"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Land Cover CCI Climate Research Data Package","year":"2017"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-1963(03)00121-6","article-title":"Discrimination between Climate and Human-Induced Dryland Degradation","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environments"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"FAO Statistical Databases (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)","author":"FAOSTAT","year":"2018"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e388","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5379","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variations in Extreme Temperature in Central Asia","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083369","article-title":"The Assessment of Climate Change on Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity in the Chirchik\u2013Akhangaran Basin","volume":"12","author":"Gafforov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Uzbekistan. Sustainability"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2675-2","article-title":"Characterizing Uncertainties in the ESA-CCI Land Cover Map of the Epoch 2010 and Their Impacts on MPI-ESM Climate Simulations","volume":"137","author":"Georgievski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.09.007","article-title":"The Relationship between Precipitation Anomalies and Satellite-Derived Vegetation Activity in Central Asia","volume":"110","author":"Gessner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.120","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Droughts in Central Asia during 1966-2015","volume":"624","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3711","article-title":"Updated High-Resolution Grids of Monthly Climatic Observations - the CRU TS3.10 Dataset","volume":"34","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1407-3","article-title":"The Response of Vegetation Growth to Shifts in Trend of Temperature in China","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2015.10.004","article-title":"Landscape Trajectories and Their Effect on Fragmentation for a Mediterranean Semi-arid Ecosystem in Central Chile","volume":"127","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Environments"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109552","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Desertification Using Vegetation Index Data: Current Frameworks and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Higginbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1568-x","article-title":"Climate Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in an alpine Grassland of Central Asia","volume":"126","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli-d-13-00064.1","article-title":"Temperature Changes in Central Asia from 1979 to 2011 Based on Multiple Datasets*","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4988","article-title":"Variations and Changes of Annual Precipitation in Central Asia over the Last century","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"396","article-title":"Climatic Characteristics in Central Asia Based on CRU Data","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arid Zone Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5090158","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation Dynamics and Distinguishing Human-Induced Changes from Climate Factors in the Three-North Shelter Forest Region of China","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70505471","article-title":"Land Degradation Assessment Using Residual Trend Analysis of GIMMS NDVI3g, Soil Moisture and Rainfall in Sub-saharan West Africa from 1982 to 2012","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.152","article-title":"Monitoring Land Sensitivity to Desertification in Central Asia: Convergence or Divergence?","volume":"658","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Responses to Climate Change and Human Activities in Central Asia","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105595","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Quantifying its Drivers in the Amudarya River delta","volume":"107","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicators"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53150-0","article-title":"Assessment of Climate Impact on Vegetation Dynamics over East Africa from 1982 to 2015","volume":"9","author":"Kalisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.3390\/su9122350","article-title":"The Driving Force Analysis of NDVI Dynamics in the Trans-boundary Tumen River Basin between 2000 and 2015","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.09.005","article-title":"Tree Establishment under Deficit Irrigation on Degraded Agricultural Land in the Lower Amu Darya River Region, Aral Sea Basin","volume":"255","author":"Khamzina","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"21","article-title":"Monitoring Desertifcation Risk through Climate Change and Human Interference Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques","volume":"2","author":"Kundu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomat. Geosci."},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Land Degradation","volume-title":"Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems","author":"Lennart","year":"2019"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12345","DOI":"10.1002\/2015jd023618","article-title":"Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetation Dynamics in Central Asia","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/976370","article-title":"Analysis of Climate and Land Use Changes Impacts on Land Degradation in the North China Plain","volume":"2015","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorology"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Impact of Climate Change on the Aral Sea and its Basin","author":"Lioubimtseva","year":"2014"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030768","article-title":"Impacts of Climate on Spatiotemporal Variations in Vegetation NDVI from 1982\u20132015 in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704x.2018.1500070","article-title":"Identifying Patterns and Hotspots of Global Land Cover Transitions Using the ESA CCI Land Cover Dataset","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sensing Lett."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142317","article-title":"Water Balance Analysis Based on a Quantitative Evapotranspiration Inversion in the Nukus Irrigation Area, Lower Amu River Basin","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032045","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/121\/3\/032045","article-title":"NDVI-based Analysis on the Influence of Human Activities on Vegetation Variation on Hainan Island","volume":"121","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600567787","article-title":"Compared Regimes of NDVI and Rainfall in Semi\u2010arid Regions of Africa","volume":"27","author":"Martiny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70403863","article-title":"Future Climate Impact on the Desertification in the Dry Land Asia Using AVHRR GIMMS NDVI3g Data","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02356-9_15","article-title":"Efforts to Revive the Aral Sea","volume-title":"Efforts to Revive the Aral Sea","author":"Micklin","year":"2014"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/10889388.1998.10641085","article-title":"International and Regional Responses to the Aral Crisis: An Overview of Efforts and Accomplishments","volume":"39","author":"Micklin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Post-Soviet Geogr. Econ."},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Managing Water in Central Asia (Central Asian and Caucasian Prospect)","author":"Micklin","year":"2000"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.35.031306.140120","article-title":"The Aral Sea Disaster","volume":"35","author":"Micklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1181","article-title":"An Improved Method of Constructing a Database of Monthly Climate Observations and Associated High-Resolution Grids","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"029","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2010-008","article-title":"Relationship between Soil Moisture and Vegetation Activity in the Mongolian Steppe","volume":"6","author":"Nandintsetseg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientific Online Lett. atmosphere: SOLA"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19168-3","volume-title":"Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement \u2013 A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development","author":"Nkonya","year":"2016"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.07.002","article-title":"Land Degradation: Multiple Environmental Consequences and Routes to Neutrality","volume":"5","author":"Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.3390\/w12102869","article-title":"Quantitative Detection and Attribution of Groundwater Level Variations in the Amu Darya Delta","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044027","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/044027","article-title":"Recent Change of Vegetation Growth Trend in China","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12434","article-title":"Asymmetric Effects of Daytime and Night-Time Warming on Northern Hemisphere Vegetation","volume":"501","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002","article-title":"NDVI-based Increase in Growth of Temperate Grasslands and its Responses to Climate Changes in China","volume":"16","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.02.009","article-title":"A Remote Sensing Protocol for Identifying Rangelands with Degraded Productive Capacity","volume":"43","author":"Reeves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicators"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16014-1_17","article-title":"Land Degradation in Central Asia: Evidence, Perception and Policy","volume-title":"The End of Desertification?","author":"Robinson","year":"2016"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5367-9_11","article-title":"Pastoral Tenure in Central Asia: Theme and Variation in the Five Former Soviet Republics","volume-title":"Rangeland Stewardship in Central Asia. Balancing Improved Livelihoods, Biodiversity Conservation and Land protection","author":"Robinson","year":"2012"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1175\/bams-85-3-381","article-title":"The Global Land Data Assimilation System","volume":"85","author":"Rodell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-4257(04)00029-x","article-title":"Assessment of Rangeland Degradation and Development of a Strategy for Rehabilitation","volume":"90","author":"Roland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote sensing Environ."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/s0143-6228(00)00014-x","article-title":"Irrigation Expansion and Dynamics of Desertification in the Circum-Aral Region of Central Asia","volume":"20","author":"Saiko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48586-3","article-title":"Intensity and Stationarity Analysis of Land Use Change Based on CART Algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Sang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.03.044","article-title":"Hydrochemical Water Evolution in the Aral Sea Basin. Part I: Unconfined Groundwater of the Amu Darya Delta - Interactions with Surface Waters","volume":"495","author":"Schettler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5367-9_9","article-title":"The Feed-Livestock Nexus: Livestock Development Policy in Tajikistan","volume-title":"Rangeland Stewardship in Central Asia","author":"Sedik","year":"2012"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-33.1.52","article-title":"Water-related Problems of Central Asia: Some Results of the (GIWA) International Water Assessment Program","volume":"33","author":"Severskiy","year":"2004","journal-title":"AMBIO: A J. Hum. Environ."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007gl031465","article-title":"Hydrological Responses to Climate Change and Irrigation in the Aral Sea Drainage basin","volume":"34","author":"Shibuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2004.12.052","article-title":"Environmental Degradation Analysis Using NOAA\/AVHRR Data","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<0284:cisatc>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Changes in Surface Air Temperature Caused by Desiccation of the Aral Sea","volume":"14","author":"Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139746","article-title":"Predominant Role of Soil Moisture in Regulating the Response of Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes to Global Change Factors in a Semi-arid Grassland on the Loess Plateau","volume":"738","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-29779-0_14","article-title":"Policy Reforms and Livestock Development in Central Asia","volume-title":"Policy Reforms and Agriculture Development in Central Asia","author":"Suleimenov","year":"2006"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105614","article-title":"Identification and Assessment of the Factors Driving Vegetation Degradation\/regeneration in Drylands Using Synthetic High Spatiotemporal Remote Sensing Data-A Case Study in Zhenglanqi, Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"107","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicators"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-018-1493-x","article-title":"Analyzing Vegetation Dynamic Trend on the Mongolian Plateau Based on the Hurst Exponent and Influencing Factors from 1982-2013","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90097-5","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing of Total Herbaceous Biomass Production in the Senegalese Sahel: 1980-1984","volume":"17","author":"Tucker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote sensing Environ."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.09.016","article-title":"Introduction to \"Water in Central Asia - Perspectives under Global Change\"","volume":"110","author":"Unger-Shayesteh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040767","volume-title":"Quantifying the Effects of Climate and Vegetation on Soil Moisture in an Arid Area","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2017.05.009","article-title":"Identifying Ecosystem Service Hotspots for Targeting Land Degradation Neutrality Investments in South-Eastern Africa","volume":"159","author":"Willemen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arid Environments"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003gl017427","article-title":"Hydrographic Survey in the Dying Aral Sea","volume":"30","author":"Zavialov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050408","article-title":"Identifying Categorical Land Use Transition and Land Degradation in Northwestern Drylands of Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Zewdie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1581-6","article-title":"Tracking Climate Change in Central Asia through Temperature and Precipitation Extremes","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302449","article-title":"Climate Contributions to Vegetation Variations in Central Asian Drylands: Pre- and Post-USSR Collapse","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.155","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Transition of Institutional and Socioeconomic Impacts on Vegetation Productivity in Central Asia over Last Three Decades","volume":"658","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/2013ei000537.1","article-title":"Estimating the Effects of Anthropogenic Modification on Water Balance in the Aral Sea Watershed Using GRACE: 2003-12","volume":"18","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Interactions"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Earth Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feart.2021.690000\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T01:38:16Z","timestamp":1633052296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feart.2021.690000\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/feart.2021.690000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2021.690000","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-6463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-6463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"article-number":"690000"}}