{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T20:56:37Z","timestamp":1773953797760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]],"date-time":"2016-06-13T03:38:17Z","timestamp":1465789097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Role of EPAC in cAMP-Mediated Actions in Adrenocortical Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Aur\u00e9lia E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reidun","family":"Aesoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marit","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05011.x","article-title":"Role of CRF receptor signaling in stress vulnerability, anxiety, and depression","volume":"1179","author":"Hauger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0005","article-title":"Ion channels and signaling in the pituitary gland","volume":"31","author":"Stojilkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-9-1-159","article-title":"Proopiomelanocortin processing in the pituitary, central nervous system, and peripheral tissues","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0257","article-title":"Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH","author":"Gallo-Payet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0030","article-title":"Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones","volume":"25","author":"Payne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R200009-JLR200","article-title":"Hormone-sensitive lipase: control of intracellular tri-(di-)acylglycerol and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis","volume":"43","author":"Kraemer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970315)36:6445::AID-JEMT23.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry of the localization of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes","volume":"36","author":"Ishimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R016675","article-title":"Early steps in steroidogenesis: intracellular cholesterol trafficking","volume":"52","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/24884","article-title":"Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP","volume":"396","author":"de Rooij","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20829","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001113200","article-title":"Mechanism of regulation of the Epac family of cAMP-dependent RapGEFs","volume":"275","author":"de Rooij","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2275","article-title":"A family of cAMP-binding proteins that directly activate Rap1","volume":"282","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.10.004","article-title":"Cyclic AMP sensor EPAC proteins and energy homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"Almahariq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.06.063","article-title":"Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP encoded by the mammalian rapgef3 gene: structure, function and therapeutics","volume":"570","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.09.029","article-title":"Structure and functional roles of Epac2 (Rapgef4)","volume":"575","author":"Sugawara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-06-2154","article-title":"Among circulating hematopoietic cells, B-CLL uniquely expresses functional EPAC1, but EPAC1-mediated Rap1 activation does not account for PDE4 inhibitor-induced apoptosis","volume":"103","author":"Tiwari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1662","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00159.2007","article-title":"Developmental changes in gene expression of Epac and its upregulation in myocardial hypertrophy","volume":"293","author":"Ulucan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/35041046","article-title":"cAMP-GEFII is a direct target of cAMP in regulated exocytosis","volume":"2","author":"Ozaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2001.6641","article-title":"Characterization of the gene EPAC2: structure, chromosomal localization, tissue expression, and identification of the liver-specific isoform","volume":"78","author":"Ueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21709","article-title":"Critical role of the N-terminal cyclic AMP-binding domain of Epac2 in its subcellular localization and function","volume":"219","author":"Niimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067925","article-title":"DNA methylation of alternative promoters directs tissue specific expression of Epac2 isoforms","volume":"8","author":"Hoivik","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1139","article-title":"Functional roles of protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by 3\u2019,5\u2019-cyclic adenosine 5\u2019-monophosphate (cAMP) 2 (EPAC2) in cAMP-mediated actions in adrenocortical cells","volume":"151","author":"Aumo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117599109","article-title":"cAMP regulates DEP domain-mediated binding of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 to phosphatidic acid at the plasma membrane","volume":"109","author":"Consonni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003707","article-title":"Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (epac): a multidomain cAMP mediator in the regulation of diverse biological functions","volume":"65","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb878","article-title":"Structure and regulation of the cAMP-binding domains of Epac2","volume":"10","author":"Rehmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07187","article-title":"Structure of Epac2 in complex with a cyclic AMP analogue and RAP1B","volume":"455","author":"Rehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04468","article-title":"Structure of the cyclic-AMP-responsive exchange factor Epac2 in its auto-inhibited state","volume":"439","author":"Rehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508165200","article-title":"The RAP1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac2 couples cyclic AMP and Ras signals at the plasma membrane","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7109","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01060-08","article-title":"Ras is required for the cyclic AMP-dependent activation of Rap1 via Epac2","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00458.x","article-title":"The role of Epac proteins, novel cAMP mediators, in the regulation of immune, lung and neuronal function","volume":"159","author":"Grandoch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200209105","article-title":"Cyclic AMP induces integrin-mediated cell adhesion through Epac and Rap1 upon stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor","volume":"160","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1197","article-title":"Epac: a new cAMP target and new avenues in cAMP research","volume":"4","author":"Bos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.1.136-146.2005","article-title":"Cyclic AMP potentiates vascular endothelial cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact to enhance endothelial barrier function through an Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway","volume":"25","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2008.05.004","article-title":"PKA and Epac1 regulate endothelial integrity and migration through parallel and independent pathways","volume":"87","author":"Lorenowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20963","article-title":"cAMP-Epac2-mediated activation of Rap1 in developing male germ cells: RA-RhoGAP as a possible direct down-stream effector","volume":"76","author":"Aivatiadou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C700171200","article-title":"Epac, in synergy with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), is required for cAMP-mediated mitogenesis","volume":"283","author":"Hochbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7361","article-title":"The cyclic AMP-Epac1-Rap1 pathway is dissociated from regulation of effector functions in monocytes but acquires immunoregulatory function in mature macrophages","volume":"176","author":"Bryn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00709-07","article-title":"Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated stimulation of adipocyte differentiation requires the synergistic action of Epac- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase-dependent processes","volume":"28","author":"Petersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G334","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00517.2003","article-title":"Activation of cAMP-guanine exchange factor (cAMP-GEF) confers protein kinase A independent protection from hepatocyte apoptosis","volume":"2","author":"Cullen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503562103","article-title":"Regulation of sodium-proton exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) by PKA and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)","volume":"103","author":"Honegger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2012.724732","article-title":"Cyclic AMP dynamics in the pancreatic beta-cell","volume":"117","author":"Tengholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172256","article-title":"The cAMP sensor Epac2 is a direct target of antidiabetic sulfonylurea drugs","volume":"325","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.107391","article-title":"cAMP sensor Epac as a determinant of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity in human pancreatic beta cells and rat INS-1 cells","volume":"573","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000194325.31359.86","article-title":"cAMP-binding protein Epac induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"97","author":"Morel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707054104","article-title":"Essential role of Epac2\/Rap1 signaling in regulation of insulin granule dynamics by cAMP","volume":"104","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-230433","article-title":"Exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1)-deficient mice develop beta-cell dysfunction and metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kai","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1394","article-title":"Pancreatic beta-cell response to increased metabolic demand and to pharmacologic secretagogues requires EPAC2A","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.02.003","article-title":"Impairs learning and social interactions via aberrant regulation of miR-124 and Zif268 translation","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11864","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1349-12.2012","article-title":"Social, communication, and cortical structural impairments in Epac2-deficient mice","volume":"32","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20700","article-title":"Exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP 2 (Epac2) plays a specific and time-limited role in memory retrieval","volume":"20","author":"Ostroveanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001340","article-title":"Screening of nine candidate genes for autism on chromosome 2q reveals rare nonsynonymous variants in the cAMP-GEFII gene","volume":"8","author":"Bacchelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2386","article-title":"Epac2 induces synapse remodeling and depression and its disease-associated forms alter spines","volume":"12","author":"Woolfrey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2010.11.008","article-title":"Epac2-mediated dendritic spine remodeling: implications for disease","volume":"46","author":"Penzes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64784","article-title":"Epac1-dependent phospholamban phosphorylation mediates the cardiac response to stresses","volume":"124","author":"Okumura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.12.148619","article-title":"Epac2 mediates cardiac beta1-adrenergic-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak and arrhythmia","volume":"127","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182760530","article-title":"Activation of a cyclic amp-guanine exchange factor in hepatocytes decreases nitric oxide synthase expression","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018376108","article-title":"Bile acid stimulates hepatocyte polarization through a cAMP-Epac-MEK-LKB1-AMPK pathway","volume":"108","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2010.536279","article-title":"Signal transduction in the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor system and its clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Kageyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K09E-075","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms underlying corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamus","volume":"56","author":"Kageyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2005.03.016","article-title":"Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) mimics neuroendocrine and behavioral manifestations of stress: evidence for PKA-mediated expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene","volume":"138","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.157461","article-title":"Epac mediates PACAP-dependent long-term depression in the hippocampus","volume":"587","author":"Ster","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.016","article-title":"Induction of leptin resistance by activation of cAMP-Epac signaling","volume":"13","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152506","article-title":"cAMP-dependent signaling as a core component of the mammalian circadian pacemaker","volume":"320","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.022715","article-title":"The phenotypic differentiation of locus ceruleus noradrenergic neurons mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor is enhanced by corticotropin releasing factor through the activation of a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway","volume":"70","author":"Traver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.069","article-title":"The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and noradrenaline in stress-related responses, and the inter-relationships between the two systems","volume":"583","author":"Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.022","article-title":"Corticotropin releasing factor-induced ERK phosphorylation in AtT20 cells occurs via a cAMP-dependent mechanism requiring EPAC2","volume":"58","author":"Van Kolen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.02.005","article-title":"Molecular determinants and feedback circuits regulating type 2 CRH receptor signal integration","volume":"1813","author":"Markovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.16.7.0863","article-title":"Activation and induction of NUR77\/NURR1 in corticotrophs by CRH\/cAMP: involvement of calcium, protein kinase A, and MAPK pathways","volume":"16","author":"Kovalovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.050427","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-induced calcium signaling","volume":"75","author":"Gutknecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800009048587","article-title":"Post-translational regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A","volume":"26","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1526","article-title":"Global profiles of gene expression induced by adrenocorticotropin in Y1 mouse adrenal cells","volume":"147","author":"Schimmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1210\/en.143.1.295","article-title":"Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases the protein level of steroidogenic factor-1","volume":"143","author":"Aesoy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1640247","article-title":"The role of the StAR protein in steroidogenesis: challenges for the future","volume":"164","author":"Stocco","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10339","article-title":"ACTH modulation of transcription factors responsible for steroid hydroxylase gene expression in the adrenal cortex","volume":"61","author":"Sewer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.5.8820","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin\/cyclic adenosine 3\u2019,5\u2019-monophosphate-mediated transcription of the human CYP17 gene in the adrenal cortex is dependent on phosphatase activity","volume":"143","author":"Sewer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E423","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00128.2005","article-title":"Regulation of aldosterone production from zona glomerulosa cells by ANG II and cAMP: evidence for PKA-independent activation of CaMK by cAMP","volume":"290","author":"Gambaryan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200810003","article-title":"ACTH inhibits bTREK-1 K+ channels through multiple cAMP-dependent signaling pathways","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006088","article-title":"Metabolites of an Epac-selective cAMP analog induce cortisol synthesis by adrenocortical cells through a cAMP-independent pathway","volume":"4","author":"Enyeart","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37622","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405431200","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor NGFIB regulates transcription of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. implications for the control of adrenal functional zonation","volume":"279","author":"Bassett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.13.2.861","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor NGFI-B regulates expression of the gene encoding steroid 21-hydroxylase","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.7.9940","article-title":"Multiple orphan nuclear receptors converge to regulate rat P450c17 gene transcription: novel mechanisms for orphan nuclear receptor action","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10337","article-title":"Mechanism of action of ACTH: beyond cAMP","volume":"61","author":"Gallo-Payet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-008-3221-2","article-title":"Regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis by the cytoskeleton","volume":"43","author":"Sewer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.11.014","article-title":"Regulation of adrenocortical steroid hormone production by RhoA-diaphanous 1 signaling and the cytoskeleton","volume":"371","author":"Sewer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.12.003","article-title":"Organelle plasticity and interactions in cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis","volume":"371","author":"Issop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmv115","article-title":"The pleiotropic role of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) in cancer: implications for therapeutic intervention","volume":"48","author":"Almahariq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0056","article-title":"Exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP increases melanoma cell migration by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism","volume":"70","author":"Baljinnyam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.114.095158","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 reduce pancreatic cancer metastasis in vivo","volume":"87","author":"Almahariq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.02.003","article-title":"The future of EPAC-targeted therapies: agonism versus antagonism","volume":"36","author":"Parnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T12:15:28Z","timestamp":1498306528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fendo.2016.00063\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]},"references-count":88,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2016.00063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]}}}