{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:21:22Z","timestamp":1791328882398,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Endocrinologie (SFE), Universit\u00e9 Rouen Normandie"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T03:13:58Z","timestamp":1468984438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Role of ACTH in the Interactive\/Paracrine Regulation of Adrenal Steroid Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u00ebl","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Duparc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Bertherat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Louiset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.11.022","article-title":"Cytokines and steroidogenesis","volume":"215","author":"Bornstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.2.0326","article-title":"Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Ehrhart-Bornstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000321211","article-title":"Update on the corticomedullary interaction in the adrenal gland","volume":"20","author":"Haase","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06956-X","article-title":"Paracrine control of adrenal cortical function by medullary chromaffin cells","volume":"48","author":"Nussdorfer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60144-8","article-title":"Immune-endocrine interactions in the mammalian adrenal gland: facts and hypotheses","volume":"183","author":"Nussdorfer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7590","article-title":"Adrenocortical-pituitary hybrid tumor causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Hiroi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.7547","article-title":"A rare case of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent macroadrenal hyperplasia showing ectopic production of ACTH","volume":"51","author":"Iwata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030014","article-title":"Intraadrenal adrenocorticotropin production in a case of bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215245","article-title":"Intraadrenal corticotropin in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"369","author":"Louiset","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302007000900007","article-title":"Cellular and molecular abnormalities of a macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing beta-blocker-sensitive Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Mazzuco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10340","article-title":"Ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production in the adrenal gland: basic and clinical aspects","volume":"61","author":"Vrezas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001640103","article-title":"Microcirculation of the rat adrenal gland: a scanning electron microscope study of vascular casts","volume":"164","author":"Kikuta","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"329","article-title":"Vascularity in human adrenal cortex","volume":"11","author":"Sasano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978894","article-title":"The role of endothelial cell products in the regulation of adrenocortical function: actions of endothelin, nitric oxide, adrenomedullin and PAMP","volume":"30","author":"Hinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117440","article-title":"Gene expression, localization, and characterization of endothelin A and B receptors in the human adrenal cortex","volume":"94","author":"Rossi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8134","article-title":"Endothelin-1[1-31]: a novel autocrine-paracrine regulator of human adrenal cortex secretion and growth","volume":"87","author":"Rossi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90205-J","article-title":"The relationship between adrenal vascular events and steroid secretion: the role of mast cells and endothelin","volume":"40","author":"Hinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5\u2013266","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.12.011","article-title":"Endothelial cell-mediated regulation of aldosterone release from human adrenocortical cells","volume":"26","author":"Ansurudeen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1532","article-title":"Aldosterone secretagogues increase adrenal blood flow in male rats","volume":"155","author":"Ansurudeen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009712","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009712","article-title":"The thrombospondins","volume":"3","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283642912","article-title":"Thrombospondins: old players, new games","volume":"24","author":"Stenina-Adognravi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.6.6835","article-title":"Bovine thrombospondin-2: complete complementary deoxyribonucleic acid sequence and immunolocalization in the external zones of the adrenal cortex","volume":"140","author":"Danik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00027","article-title":"Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Pihlajoki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549804600904","article-title":"The distribution of the matricellular protein thrombospondin 2 in tissues of embryonic and adult mice","volume":"46","author":"Kyriakides","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10333","article-title":"Role of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the development and maintenance of the adrenal cortical vasculature","volume":"61","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4652(200011)185:2226::AID-JCP73.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"ACTH-regulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the adult bovine adrenal cortex: a possible role in the maintenance of the microvasculature","volume":"185","author":"Gaillard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800009048610","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human adrenals","volume":"26","author":"Heikkil\u00e4","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0121","article-title":"Antagonistic functions of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-inducible-sequence 11b and HuR in the hormonal regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid stability by adrenocorticotropin","volume":"20","author":"Cherradi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0179","article-title":"Dual hormonal regulation of endocrine tissue mass and vasculature by adrenocorticotropin in the adrenal cortex","volume":"145","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.4.4730","article-title":"Corticotropin regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human fetal adrenal cortical cells","volume":"83","author":"Shifren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.16.3.431","article-title":"Adrenomedullin and vascular endothelium growth factor genes are overexpressed in the regenerating rat adrenal cortex, and AM and VEGF reciprocally enhance their mRNA expression in cultured rat adrenocortical cells","volume":"16","author":"Albertin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000127755.87490.37","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors Flk-1 and Flt-1 during the regeneration of autotransplanted adrenal cortex in the adrenalectomized rat","volume":"171","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of capillary fenestrae in the rat adrenal cortex: quantitative studies using objective lens staging scanning electron microscopy","volume":"Pt 4","author":"Apkarian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scan Electron Microsc"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0169","article-title":"Steroid-producing cells regulate arterial tone of adrenal cortical arteries","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1210253","article-title":"Adrenal mast cells modulate vascular and secretory responses in the intact adrenal gland of the rat","volume":"121","author":"Hinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90047-6","article-title":"Serotonin-induced stimulation of cortisol secretion from human adrenocortical tissue is mediated through activation of a serotonin4 receptor subtype","volume":"47","author":"Lefebvre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"357","article-title":"Numerous mast cells in an 11-deoxycorticosterone-producing adrenocortical tumor. Histologic evaluation of benignancy and comparison with mast cell distribution in adrenal glands and neoplastic counterparts of 67 surgical specimens","volume":"109","author":"Aiba","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E550","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3660","article-title":"Mast cell hyperplasia is associated with aldosterone hypersecretion in a subset of aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"100","author":"Duparc","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0085","article-title":"Ectopic expression of serotonin7 receptors in an adrenocortical carcinoma co-secreting renin and cortisol","volume":"15","author":"Louiset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2012.01.023","article-title":"Local renin-angiotensin systems in the adrenal gland","volume":"34","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.8.11.997","article-title":"Mechanisms by which nephrectomy stimulates adrenal renin","volume":"8","author":"Baba","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.6.2_Pt_2.I124","article-title":"Effect of changes in sodium or potassium balance, and nephrectomy, on adrenal renin and aldosterone concentrations","volume":"6","author":"Doi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2015.07.010","article-title":"The changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system in different subtypes of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"203","article-title":"Hypertension and Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"134","author":"Luton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:13:3:369","article-title":"Stimulation by interleukin-6 and inhibition by tumor necrosis factor of cortisol release from bovine adrenal zona fasciculata cells through their receptors","volume":"13","author":"Barney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"E114","article-title":"Differential release of tumor necrosis factor and IL-6 from adrenal zona glomerulosa cells in vitro","volume":"268","author":"Judd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0308","article-title":"Autocrine\/paracrine regulatory mechanisms in adrenocortical neoplasms responsible for primary adrenal hypercorticism","volume":"169","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1243","article-title":"Isolation of human adrenocortical aldosterone-producing cells by a novel immunomagnetic beads method","volume":"151","author":"Caroccia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00227.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation and nerves in human adrenal cortex and cortical lesions","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02051","article-title":"Expression profile of serotonin4 (5-HT4) receptors in adrenocortical aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"153","author":"Cartier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0037","article-title":"G-protein-coupled receptors in aldosterone-producing adenomas: a potential cause of hyperaldosteronism","volume":"195","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0148","article-title":"Integration of transcriptome and methylome analysis of aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"173","author":"Murakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0711","article-title":"Screening for membrane hormone receptor expression in primary aldosteronism","volume":"160","author":"Zwermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3109\/07435809809032699","article-title":"Expression of inhibin alpha in the human adrenal gland and adrenocortical tumors","volume":"24","author":"Arola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020460","article-title":"Expression of activin\/inhibin receptor and binding protein genes and regulation of activin\/inhibin peptide secretion in human adrenocortical cells","volume":"87","author":"V\u00e4nttinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1780479","article-title":"Expression of activin\/inhibin signaling components in the human adrenal gland and the effects of activins and inhibins on adrenocortical steroidogenesis and apoptosis","volume":"178","author":"V\u00e4nttinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336140100","article-title":"Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors","volume":"100","author":"Ehrhart-Bornstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803642","article-title":"Human adipocytes induce an ERK1\/2 MAP kinases-mediated upregulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and an angiotensin II-sensitization in human adrenocortical cells","volume":"31","author":"Krug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803508","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived products induce the transcription of the StAR promoter and stimulate aldosterone and cortisol secretion from adrenocortical cells through the Wnt-signaling pathway","volume":"31","author":"Schinner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.0300s3039.x","article-title":"Leptin and the adrenal gland","volume":"30","author":"Glasow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.12.5337","article-title":"Expression of Ob receptor in normal human adrenals: differential regulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary function by leptin","volume":"83","author":"Glasow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6254","article-title":"Leptin inhibits directly glucocorticoid secretion by normal human and rat adrenal gland","volume":"139","author":"Pralong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012990928218","article-title":"Leptin inhibits cortisol and corticosterone secretion in pathologic human adrenocortical cells","volume":"4","author":"Sz\u00fccs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0299","article-title":"Melanocortin crosstalk with adipose functions: ACTH directly induces insulin resistance, promotes a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile and stimulates UCP-1 in adipocytes","volume":"196","author":"Iwen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-09-0161","article-title":"Melanocortins induce interleukin 6 gene expression and secretion through melanocortin receptors 2 and 5 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"44","author":"Jun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.061","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein by PPAR\u03b3 in adipocytes","volume":"439","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4158\/EP10340.RA","article-title":"Adrenal myelolipomas in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: review of the literature and a case report","volume":"17","author":"German-Mena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04151.x","article-title":"High frequency of adrenal myelolipomas and testicular adrenal rest tumours in adult Norwegian patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia because of 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"75","author":"Nermoen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-42","article-title":"Increased expression of ACTH (MC2R) and androgen (AR) receptors in giant bilateral myelolipomas from patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-003-0377-1","article-title":"Differential effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone on human and mouse adipose tissue","volume":"173","author":"Kiwaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800009048606","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the differential regulation of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical-chromaffin co-cultures","volume":"26","author":"Ehrhart-Bornstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-5-919","article-title":"Immunoreactive corticotropin and corticotropin-releasing factor in human hypothalamus, adrenal, lung cancer, and pheochromocytoma","volume":"58","author":"Suda","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9646-7","article-title":"Mini-review: pheochromocytomas causing the ectopic ACTH syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Ballav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590903015411","article-title":"Ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to a pheochromocytoma: a new case in the post-partum and review of literature","volume":"25","author":"Cohade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.50.739","article-title":"A case of ACTH-producing pheochromocytoma associated with pregnancy","volume":"50","author":"Oh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68699-6","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Newell-Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347247","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma combined with pre-clinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome in the same adrenal gland","volume":"28","author":"Erem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.33.67","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma associated with adrenocortical adenoma: case report and literature review","volume":"33","author":"Inoue","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2011.02759.x","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma and subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome with focal adrenocortical hyperplasia","volume":"18","author":"Takizawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.40.467","article-title":"Adrenomedullary hyperplasia associated with cortisol producing adenoma","volume":"40","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K09E-010","article-title":"Corticomedullary mixed adrenal tumor: case report and literature review","volume":"56","author":"Alexandraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"12","key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03107.x","article-title":"Dopamine-secreting corticomedullary mixed tumor of the adrenal gland","volume":"19","author":"Kaneko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2010.02.005","article-title":"Mixed cortical adenoma and composite pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma: an unusual corticomedullary tumor of the adrenal gland","volume":"15","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1053\/adpa.2001.28297","article-title":"Corticomedullary mixed tumor of the adrenal gland","volume":"5","author":"Wieneke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-53-5-953","article-title":"Presence of ectopic beta-adrenergic receptors on human adrenocortical cortisol-producing adenomas","volume":"53","author":"Hirata","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372004","article-title":"Propranolol therapy for ectopic beta-adrenergic receptors in adrenal Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"337","author":"Lacroix","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2011.07.010","article-title":"Gastric adenocarcinoma associated with lymphangitis carcinomatosa, adrenal metastasis with ectopic ACTH syndrome and malignant common bile duct stricture","volume":"13","author":"Guha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arab J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7800-4-15","article-title":"Simultaneous ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome and adrenal metastasis of a medullary thyroid carcinoma causing paraneoplastic Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Sand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Semin Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.12.007","article-title":"An ectopic ACTH-producing small cell lung carcinoma associated with enhanced corticosteroid biosynthesis in the peritumoral areas of adrenal metastasis","volume":"76","author":"Satoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302001000600015","article-title":"S\u00edndrome de Cushing Associada \u00e0 Hiperplasia Macronodular das Adrenais. Apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o de um Caso e Revis\u00e3o da Literatura","volume":"45","author":"Pereira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B91","first-page":"454","article-title":"Macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia in a postmenopausal woman","volume":"62","author":"Mijnhout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1065703","article-title":"Tpit determines alternate fates during pituitary cell differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Pulichino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1256","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro screening for illegitimate receptors in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome: identification of two cases of gonadotropin\/gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"90","author":"Bertherat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0538","article-title":"Expression of serotonin7 receptor and coupling of ectopic receptors to protein kinase A and ionic currents in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Louiset","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00006","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 and the HPG axis in the male","volume":"5","author":"Ivell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1575","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1107","article-title":"Parallel variations of insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and antim\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome according to menstrual cycle pattern","volume":"98","author":"Pelusi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114787","article-title":"Pituitary-like proopiomelanocortin transcripts in human Leydig cell tumors","volume":"86","author":"de Keyzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.20.7261","article-title":"Characterization of proopiomelanocortin transcripts in human nonpituitary tissues","volume":"84","author":"Lacaze-Masmonteil","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1281","article-title":"Irregular and frequent cortisol secretory episodes with preserved diurnal rhythmicity in primary adrenal Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"90","author":"van Aken","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E253","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2281","article-title":"Systematic analysis of G protein-coupled receptor gene expression in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia identifies novel targets for pharmacological control of adrenal Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Assie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117168","article-title":"Regulation of corticotropin receptor number and messenger RNA in cultured human adrenocortical cells by corticotropin and angiotensin II","volume":"93","author":"Lebrethon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R17","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90160-0","article-title":"ACTH induces up-regulation of ACTH receptor mRNA in mouse and human adrenocortical cell lines","volume":"99","author":"Mountjoy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-10-0006","article-title":"ACTH is a potent regulator of gene expression in human adrenal cells","volume":"45","author":"Xing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03689.x","article-title":"Aberrant G-protein coupled receptor expression in relation to adrenocortical overfunction","volume":"73","author":"Lacroix","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0648","article-title":"Genetics of adrenal tumors associated with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a new classification for bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias","volume":"3","author":"Stratakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1086\/344579","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit 1A (PRKAR1A) gene in patients with Carney complex and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) reveals novel mutations and clues for pathophysiology: augmented PKA signaling is associated with adrenal tumorigenesis in PPNAD","volume":"71","author":"Groussin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B107","article-title":"Activation of the PKA pathway triggers formation of an illicit serotonergic regulatory loop in primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD) tissues associated with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume-title":"Endocrine Abstracts 29 OC7.2","author":"Bram","year":"2012"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304603","article-title":"ARMC5 mutations in macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"369","author":"Assi\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M121","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0532","article-title":"Genetics of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: a model for early diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome?","volume":"173","author":"Drougat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T02:17:51Z","timestamp":1749003471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fendo.2016.00098\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"references-count":109,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2016.00098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]}}}