{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:43:52Z","timestamp":1788792232346,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS073574, NS102937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS073574, NS102937"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T04:16:37Z","timestamp":1524629797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Neuroendocrine Abnormalities Following Traumatic Brain Injury: An Important Contributor to Neuropsychiatric Sequelae"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Amir M.","family":"Molaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc.5571","volume-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002\u20132006","author":"Mark Faul","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84","article-title":"Traumatic brain injuries","volume":"2","author":"Blennow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury in children: an evidence-based review of emergency department management","volume":"13","author":"Morrissey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Med Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70164-9","article-title":"Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults","volume":"7","author":"Maas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A7","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21876","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: a glimpse of order among the chaos?","volume":"66","author":"Lowenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442","article-title":"Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030","volume":"3","author":"Mathers","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1033014","article-title":"Trends in incidence and severity of sports-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the emergency department, 2006\u20132011","volume":"29","author":"Haring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9399-z","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the US military: epidemiology and key clinical and research programs","volume":"9","author":"Helmick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4504","article-title":"The association between psychiatric comorbidities and outcomes for inpatients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Brandel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/darciniegas","article-title":"Addressing neuropsychiatric disturbances during rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: current and future methods","volume":"13","author":"Arciniegas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-008-0130-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hypopituitarism in the setting of brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Dusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/026990599121403","article-title":"Cognitive and psychosocial outcome following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Hellawell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70266-8","article-title":"Epidemiologic aspects of brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Kraus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.73.5.0699","article-title":"Neurobehavioral outcome 1 year after severe head injury. Experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank","volume":"73","author":"Levin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-006-6046-0","article-title":"Hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency in adult subjects after traumatic brain injury: who and when to test","volume":"8","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200611000-00009","article-title":"Incidence of traumatic brain injury in the United States, 2003","volume":"21","author":"Rutland-Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00136","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary management of athletes with post-concussion syndrome: an evolving pathophysiological approach","volume":"7","author":"Ellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1995"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.10.1493","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries","volume":"152","author":"Fann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1315","article-title":"Axis I and II psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study","volume":"159","author":"Koponen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2017.06.003","article-title":"Management of high-velocity injuries of the head and neck","volume":"25","author":"Majors","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058102","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the war zone","volume":"352","author":"Okie","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B23","article-title":"Endocrine glands","volume-title":"Junqueira\u2019s Basic Histology: Text & Atlas","author":"Mescher","year":""},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Hypophysensch\u00e4digung durch sch\u00e4delbasisfraktur","volume":"44","author":"Cyran","year":"1918","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.5.0743","article-title":"Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report","volume":"93","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7592","article-title":"Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury","volume":"86","author":"Lieberman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0511","article-title":"Anterior pituitary dysfunction in survivors of traumatic brain injury","volume":"89","author":"Agha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041269713","article-title":"Occurrence of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Bondanelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02094.x","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury","volume":"61","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345308","article-title":"Hypopituitarism as a consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its possible relation with cognitive disabilities and mental distress","volume":"27","author":"Popovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02250.x","article-title":"Prevalence of hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency in adults long-term after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Leal-Cerro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"438","article-title":"Pituitary function impairment after moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"49","author":"Abadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1555","article-title":"Acute glucocorticoid deficiency and diabetes insipidus are common after acute traumatic brain injury and predict mortality","volume":"98","author":"Hannon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1183-3","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in adults after complicated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"58","author":"Giuliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Rc28","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03345299","article-title":"Boxing as a sport activity associated with isolated GH deficiency","volume":"27","author":"Kelestimur","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02737.x","article-title":"Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism","volume":"66","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-11-200806030-00005","article-title":"Brief communication: pituitary volume and function in competing and retired male boxers","volume":"148","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00011","article-title":"High prevalence of chronic pituitary and target-organ hormone abnormalities after blast-related mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23958","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction after blast traumatic brain injury: the UK BIOSAP study","volume":"74","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0606-5","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency after mild combat-related traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Ioachimescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90181-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of growth-hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"343","author":"Hoffman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1429","article-title":"Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review","volume":"298","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1065","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: a clinical and pathophysiological approach","volume":"36","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315500","article-title":"The screening and management of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in adults: British Neurotrauma Group guidance","volume":"88","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0546-1","article-title":"Pituitary function within the first year after traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"40","author":"T\u00f6lli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.167561","article-title":"Pituitary and\/or hypothalamic dysfunction following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: current perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Javed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.132837","article-title":"Neuroendocrine disorders after traumatic brain injury","volume":"79","author":"Behan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.103","article-title":"Chronic endocrine consequences of traumatic brain injury \u2013 what is the evidence?","volume":"14","author":"Klose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2397","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic growth hormone deficiency is highly dependent on the diagnostic set-up: results from The Danish National Study on Posttraumatic Hypopituitarism","volume":"99","author":"Klose","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-09-0601","article-title":"Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury: prevalence is affected by the use of different dynamic tests and different normal values","volume":"162","author":"Kokshoorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1375","article-title":"Quality of life in patients after long-term biochemical cure of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"90","author":"van Aken","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1054\/ghir.2001.0263","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement therapy for adults: into the new millennium","volume":"12","author":"Simpson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11249.x","article-title":"Quality of life assessment before and after growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"356","author":"McGauley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000181584","article-title":"Psychological well-being before and after growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"33","author":"McGauley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02452.x","article-title":"Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Rosen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000325870.60129.6a","article-title":"Chronic hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: risk assessment and relationship to outcome","volume":"62","author":"Bavisetty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.928","article-title":"Neurobehavioral and quality of life changes associated with growth hormone insufficiency after complicated mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701484849","article-title":"Cognitive deterioration due to GH deficiency in patients with traumatic brain injury: a preliminary report","volume":"21","author":"Leon-Carrion","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00213","article-title":"Neurobehavioral, neuropathological and biochemical profiles in a novel mouse model of co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"Ojo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00072","article-title":"Chronic hypopituitarism associated with increased postconcussive symptoms is prevalent after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Undurti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024","article-title":"Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature","volume":"37","author":"Zoladz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"432","article-title":"Endocrine response to brain injury","volume":"2","author":"Chiolero","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Horiz"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5152\/ucd.2014.2653","article-title":"Response to trauma and metabolic changes: posttraumatic metabolism","volume":"30","author":"Simsek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ulus Cerrahi Derg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/85.1.109","article-title":"The stress response to trauma and surgery","volume":"85","author":"Desborough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0071","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness","volume":"2","author":"Vanhorebeek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430001","article-title":"Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness","volume":"143","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"487","article-title":"Acute and prolonged critical illness are two distinct neuroendocrine paradigms","volume":"60","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.4.5636","article-title":"Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness","volume":"84","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199305000-00007","article-title":"Is the metabolic response to injury different with or without severe head injury? Significance of plasma glutamine levels","volume":"34","author":"Petersen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198704000-00007","article-title":"Relationships among plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotrophin, and severity of injury in recently injured patients","volume":"27","author":"Barton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0486","article-title":"Injury severity differentially affects short- and long-term neuroendocrine outcomes of traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1802","article-title":"Lasting neuroendocrine-immune effects of traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2847","article-title":"Restoration of neuroendocrine stress response by glucocorticoid receptor or GABA(A) receptor antagonists after experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0902-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging changes in the pituitary gland following acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Maiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"966","article-title":"Anterior hypopituitarism due to fracture of the sella turcica","volume":"135","author":"Bistritzer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00666218","article-title":"The pars tuberalis of the human pituitary. A histologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Asa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Development and microscopic anatomy of the pituitary gland","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"Larkin","year":"2000"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.03.016","article-title":"Neural circuitry of PTSD with or without mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04008-w","article-title":"Assessment of the role of intracranial hypertension and stress on hippocampal cell apoptosis and hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after TBI","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.03.042","article-title":"Overpressure blast-wave induced brain injury elevates oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and catecholamine biosynthesis in the rat adrenal medulla","volume":"544","author":"Tumer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4051025","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary autoimmunity and traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91583-1","article-title":"Traumatic infarction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland","volume":"2","author":"Daniel","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198703000-00003","article-title":"Arterial supply of the human anterior pituitary gland","volume":"20","author":"Gorczyca","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203450437_chapter_7","article-title":"The pituitary gland","volume-title":"Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach","author":"Nussey","year":"2001"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374236-0.10017-3","article-title":"Hypophysis A2 \u2013 Mai, J\u00fcrgen K","volume-title":"The Human Nervous System","author":"Kontogeorgos","year":"2012"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9436.1","article-title":"Advances in understanding hypopituitarism","volume":"6","author":"Stieg","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B87","volume-title":"The Pituitary","author":"Melmed","year":"2017"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01881","article-title":"Sheehan\u2019s syndrome: baseline characteristics and effect of 2 years of growth hormone replacement therapy in 91 patients in KIMS \u2013 Pfizer International Metabolic Database","volume":"152","author":"Kelestimur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B89","first-page":"185","article-title":"Pituitary changes in head trauma (analysis of 102 consecutive cases of head injury)","volume":"3","author":"Ceballos","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ala J Med Sci"},{"key":"B90","first-page":"242","article-title":"Pituitary lesions in craniocerebral injuries","volume":"88","author":"Kornblum","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6506","article-title":"Clinical review 113: hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma","volume":"85","author":"Benvenga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701426956","article-title":"Histologic study of the human pituitary gland in acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Salehi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Rc9","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03346291","article-title":"Pituitary imaging abnormalities in patients with and without hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0288","article-title":"Primary empty sella","volume":"90","author":"De Marinis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0059-8","article-title":"Decrease in pituitary apparent diffusion coefficient in normal appearing brain correlates with hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2990","article-title":"The effects of repeat traumatic brain injury on the pituitary in adolescent rats","volume":"30","author":"Greco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.11.059","article-title":"Relationship between circulating IGF-1 levels and traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal damage and cognitive dysfunction in immature rats","volume":"507","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1336","article-title":"Sustained alterations of hypothalamic tanycytes during posttraumatic hypopituitarism in male mice","volume":"155","author":"Osterstock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22273","article-title":"Differential distribution of tight junction proteins suggests a role for tanycytes in blood-hypothalamus barrier regulation in the adult mouse brain","volume":"518","author":"Mullier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7541","article-title":"Downregulation of microglial activation by apolipoprotein E and apoE-mimetic peptides","volume":"167","author":"Laskowitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0456","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E3\/E3 genotype decreases the risk of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury due to various causes: preliminary data","volume":"25","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008-0751","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury causes long-term reduction in serum growth hormone and persistent astrocytosis in the cortico-hypothalamo-pituitary axis of adult male rats","volume":"26","author":"Kasturi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-08-0050","article-title":"Antipituitary antibodies after traumatic brain injury: is head trauma-induced pituitary dysfunction associated with autoimmunity?","volume":"159","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2752","article-title":"A five year prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function after traumatic brain injury: is hypopituitarism long-term after head trauma associated with autoimmunity?","volume":"30","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-09-1024","article-title":"Investigation of antihypothalamus and antipituitary antibodies in amateur boxers: is chronic repetitive head trauma-induced pituitary dysfunction associated with autoimmunity?","volume":"162","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415585108","article-title":"From molecular circuit dysfunction to disease: case studies in epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Dulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"S189","article-title":"Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: reactive axonal change, deafferentation, and neuroplasticity","volume":"9","author":"Povlishock","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.013","article-title":"Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury","volume":"246","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0241","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Bazarian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.172328","article-title":"Structural and functional connectivity in traumatic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858412446202","article-title":"Emerging roles of the brain\u2019s default network","volume":"19","author":"Mantini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113455109","article-title":"Salience network integrity predicts default mode network function after traumatic brain injury","volume":"109","author":"Bonnelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1727","article-title":"The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention","volume":"9","author":"Weissman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120748","article-title":"Default-mode network disruption in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"265","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00139.x","article-title":"Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury: evaluation and management","volume":"7","author":"McAllister","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/tmcallister","article-title":"Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"McAllister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.11.005","article-title":"Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents","volume":"33","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.004","article-title":"Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research \u2013 past, present, and future","volume":"60","author":"Rauch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/rbryant","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder vs traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Bryant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2510","article-title":"Blast exposure induces post-traumatic stress disorder-related traits in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Elder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.5.963","article-title":"Does memory of a traumatic event increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury? A prospective study","volume":"162","author":"Gil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/371702a0","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events","volume":"371","author":"Cahill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120111","article-title":"Propranolol\u2019s effects on the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term emotional memory in healthy participants: a meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lonergan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.05.006","article-title":"Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"42","author":"Brunet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318222f360","article-title":"Trauma reactivation under the influence of propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorder: 3 open-label trials","volume":"31","author":"Brunet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.23.6.718.1024","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and mild brain injury: controversies, causes and consequences","volume":"23","author":"Bryant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq","volume":"358","author":"Hoge","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.07.007","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress influences the brain even in the absence of symptoms: a systematic, quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"56","author":"Stark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198603000-00003","article-title":"Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients","volume":"174","author":"Mason","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.11.1675","article-title":"Effect of previous trauma on acute plasma cortisol level following rape","volume":"152","author":"Resnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B131","volume-title":"Neuroendocrine Abnormalities Following Traumatic Brain Injury: An Important Contributor to Neuropsychiatric Sequelae","author":"Molaie","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00176\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T22:47:45Z","timestamp":1661035665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00176\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2018.00176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"article-number":"176"}}