{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:51:48Z","timestamp":1791067908506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010699","name":"Monash University Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/2\/2010\/ST\/MUSM\/03\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/2\/2010\/ST\/MUSM\/03\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003200","name":"Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), encoded by <jats:italic>TAC1<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Tac1<\/jats:italic> gene are members of the tachykinin family, which exert their neuromodulatory roles in vertebrate reproduction. In mammals, SP and NKA have been shown to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> kisspeptin neurons. On the other hand, the role of SP\/NKA in the regulation of reproduction in non-mammalian vertebrates is not well known. In the present study, we first localized expression of <jats:italic>tac1<\/jats:italic> mRNA in the brain of male and female zebrafish, <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>. Next, using an antibody against zebrafish tachykinin1 (Tac1), we examined the neural association of SP\/NKA neural processes with GnRH3 neurons, and with kisspeptin (<jats:italic>kiss2<\/jats:italic>) neurons, in the brains of male and female zebrafish. <jats:italic>In situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization showed an apparent male-dominant <jats:italic>tac1<\/jats:italic> expression in the ventral telencephalic area, the anterior and posterior parts of the parvocellular preoptic nucleus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. On the other hand, there was female-dominant <jats:italic>tac1<\/jats:italic> expression in the ventral periventricular hypothalamus. Confocal images of double-labeled zebrafish Tac1 and GnRH3 showed associations between Tac1-immunoreactive processes and GnRH3 neurons in the ventral telencephalic area. In contrast, there was no apparent proximity of Tac1 processes to <jats:italic>kiss2<\/jats:italic> mRNA-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus. Lastly, to elucidate possible direct action of SP\/NKA on GnRH3 or Kiss2 neurons, expression of SP\/NKA receptor, <jats:italic>tacr1a<\/jats:italic> mRNA was examined in regions containing GnRH3 or Kiss2 neurons by <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization. Expression of <jats:italic>tacr1a<\/jats:italic> mRNA was seen in several brain regions including the olfactory bulb, preoptic area and hypothalamus, where GnRH3 and Kiss2 cells are present. These results suggest that unlike in mammals, Tac1 may be involved in male reproductive functions <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> direct action on GnRH3 neurons but independent of kisspeptin in the zebrafish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.534343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T06:01:38Z","timestamp":1614751298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sexual Dimorphic Distribution of Hypothalamic Tachykinin1 Cells and Their Innervations to GnRH Neurons in the Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priveena Nair","family":"Ramadasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Anthonysamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishwar S.","family":"Parhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2922-y","article-title":"Substance P and pain chronicity","volume":"375","author":"Zieglgansberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0335-9","article-title":"The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses","volume":"31","author":"Ebner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32904","article-title":"Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P","volume":"392","author":"De Felipe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.09.003","article-title":"Substance P and neurotensin in the limbic system: Their roles in reinforcement and memory consolidation","volume":"85","author":"L\u00e9n\u00e1rd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/npep.2000.0824","article-title":"Substance P and its role in neural mechanisms governing learning, anxiety and functional recovery","volume":"34","author":"Hasenohrl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.039","article-title":"Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: a growing family","volume":"74","author":"Pennefather","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-07-02203.1990","article-title":"Structure, expression, and some regulatory mechanisms of the rat preprotachykinin gene encoding substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neuropeptide gamma","volume":"10","author":"Carter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(94)90063-9","article-title":"Neurokinin A coexists with substance P and serotonin in ventral medullary spinally projecting neurons of the rat","volume":"15","author":"Nevin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00495297","article-title":"Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in rat primary sensory neurons; 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