{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:04:03Z","timestamp":1789664643072,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies suggested that singletons from frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) were associated with higher risk of large, post-date babies and adverse obstetrical outcomes compared to fresh transfer and natural pregnancy. No data available revealed whether the adverse perinatal outcomes were associated with aberrantly high progesterone level from different endometrium preparations in HRT-FET cycle. This study aimed to compare the impact of progesterone intramuscularly and vaginally regimens on neonatal outcomes in HRT-FET cycles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 856 HRT-FET cycles from a fertility center from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had their first FET with two cleavage-staged embryos transferred. Endometrial preparation was performed with sequential administration of estrogen followed by progesterone intramuscularly 60 mg per day or vaginal gel Crinone 90 mg per day. Pregnancy outcomes including live birth rate, singleton birthweight, large for gestational age (LGA) rate, small for gestational age (SGA) rate, and preterm delivery rate were analyzed. Student\u2019s t test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi square analysis, and multivariable logistic regression were used where appropriate. Differences were considered significant if p &amp;lt; 0.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant difference of live birth rate was found between different progesterone regimens (Adjusted OR 1.128, 95% CI 0.842, 1.511, p = 0.420). Neonatal outcomes like singleton birthweight (p = 0.744), preterm delivery rate (Adjusted OR 1.920, 95% CI 0.603, 6.11, p = 0.269), SGA (Adjusted OR 0.227, 95% CI 0.027, 1.934, p = 0.175), and LGA rate (Adjusted OR 0.862, 95% CI 0.425, 1.749, p=0.681) were not different between two progesterone regimens. Serum P level &amp;gt;41.82 pmol\/L at 14 day post-FET was associated with higher live birth rate than serum P level \u226441.82 pmol\/L in HRT-FET cycles when progesterone was intramuscularly delivered (Adjusted OR 1.690, 95% CI 1.002, 2.849, p = 0.049). But singleton birthweight, preterm delivery rate, SGA and LGA rate were not different between these two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relatively higher serum progesterone level induced by intramuscular regimen did not change live birth rate or neonatal outcomes compared to vaginal regimen. Monitoring serum progesterone level and optimizing progesterone dose of intramuscular progesterone as needed in HRT-FET cycles has a role in improving live birth rate without impact on neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.539427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T15:24:58Z","timestamp":1607095498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Progesterone Intramuscularly or Vaginally Administration May Not Change Live Birth Rate or Neonatal Outcomes in Artificial Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer Cycles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy033","article-title":"Fresh versus elective frozen embryo transfer in IVF\/ICSI cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of reproductive outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Roque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det272","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes of children born after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a Nordic cohort study from the CoNARTaS group","volume":"28","author":"Wennerholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705334","article-title":"Transfer of Fresh versus Frozen Embryos in Ovulatory Women","volume":"378","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des036","article-title":"Obstetric outcome in singletons after in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved\/thawed embryos","volume":"27","author":"Sazonova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev090","article-title":"Risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancies following assisted reproductive technology: a cohort study from the CoNARTaS group","volume":"30","author":"Opdahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx031","article-title":"Is frozen embryo transfer better for mothers and babies? 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