{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:02:14Z","timestamp":1774551734588,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.556962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T05:34:24Z","timestamp":1601962464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["From Influenza Virus to Novel Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2)\u2013The Contribution of Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Indranil","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chafik","family":"Ghayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"P\u00e9rez Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz E.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044604","article-title":"Obesity in low- and middle-income countries: burden, drivers, and emerging challenges","volume":"38","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21499","article-title":"Global patterns in excess body weight and the associated cancer burden","volume":"69","author":"Sung","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Bluher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-016-0066-z","article-title":"Obesity: systemic and pulmonary complications, biochemical abnormalities, and impairment of lung function","volume":"11","author":"Mafort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.117572","article-title":"Body mass index is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000158","article-title":"The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection","volume":"71","author":"Milner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.62","article-title":"Obesity and the risk and outcome of infection","volume":"37","author":"Huttunen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01274","article-title":"N,n-dimethlyacetamide prevents the high-fat diet-induced increase in body weight","volume":"10","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119784","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced adiposity, adipose inflammation, hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia in outbred cd-1 mice","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01173","article-title":"Adipose tissue-resident immune cells in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9451-6","article-title":"Innate immune cells in the adipose tissue","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)32567-6","article-title":"Infectious disease in the malnourished","volume":"54","author":"Gordon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001053","article-title":"Risk factors for severe outcomes following 2009 influenza a (h1n1) infection: a global pooled analysis","volume":"8","author":"Van Kerkhove","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2178-1","article-title":"Obesity and infection: two sides of one coin","volume":"173","author":"Genoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12320","article-title":"Interaction of obesity and infections","volume":"16","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1236","article-title":"Diet-induced obese mice have increased mortality and altered immune responses when infected with influenza virus","volume":"137","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3968-8","article-title":"The high and rising costs of obesity to the us health care system","volume":"32","author":"Biener","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077306","article-title":"Crosstalk between immune cells and adipocytes requires both paracrine factors and cell contact to modify cytokine secretion","volume":"8","author":"Nitta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010207","article-title":"Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88876","article-title":"Role of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13002","article-title":"Properties and functions of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity","volume":"155","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130375","article-title":"Ectopic and serum lipid levels are positively associated with bone marrow fat in obesity","volume":"269","author":"Bredella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000373881","article-title":"Association of peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts with obesity-related complications in young adults","volume":"8","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Facts."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000350775","article-title":"Role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the predisposition of obese individuals to inflammation and infection","volume":"6","author":"Dicker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Facts."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.019","article-title":"Decreased interferon-alpha and interferon-beta production in obesity and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling","volume":"29","author":"Teran-Cabanillas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29881","article-title":"Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization","volume":"117","author":"Lumeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01587","article-title":"Tissue immune cells fuel obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.165100","article-title":"T-lymphocyte infiltration in visceral adipose tissue: a primary event in adipose tissue inflammation and the development of obesity-mediated insulin resistance","volume":"28","author":"Kintscher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.1","article-title":"T-cell recruitment and th1 polarization in adipose tissue during diet-induced obesity in c57bl\/6 mice","volume":"18","author":"Strissel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.216","article-title":"Increased activity of interleukin-23\/interleukin-17 proinflammatory axis in obese women","volume":"33","author":"Sumarac-Dumanovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00266","article-title":"Immune cells gate white adipose tissue expansion","volume":"160","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2004","article-title":"The role of leptin in innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Bernotiene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.05.018","article-title":"Immunological functions of leptin and adiponectin","volume":"94","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00640","article-title":"Obesity, fat mass and immune system: role for leptin","volume":"9","author":"Francisco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_491_15","article-title":"Correlation of serum adiponectin and leptin levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Diwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1195-1155","article-title":"Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob rna in obese and weight-reduced subjects","volume":"1","author":"Maffei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200935","article-title":"Leptin-induced mtor activation defines a specific molecular and transcriptional signature controlling cd4+ effector t cell responses","volume":"189","author":"Procaccini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.06.003","article-title":"Effect of high glucose on cytokine production by human peripheral blood immune cells and type i interferon signaling in monocytes: implications for the role of hyperglycemia in the diabetes inflammatory process and host defense against infection","volume":"195","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110726","article-title":"Viral infections and interferons in the development of obesity","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.109","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced activation of human t-lymphocytes with de novo emergence of insulin receptors and generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"335","author":"Stentz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00483","article-title":"Fatty acids, lipid mediators, and t-cell function","volume":"5","author":"de Jong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9020079","article-title":"Saturated fatty acid activates t cell inflammation through a nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (nnt)-dependent mechanism","volume":"9","author":"McCambridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E825","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00296.2016","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids activate caspase-4\/5 in human monocytes, triggering il-1beta and il-18 release","volume":"311","author":"Pillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040432","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, toll-like receptor 4 and fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Rogero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S406","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201706-447AW","article-title":"Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus","volume":"14","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.07.003","article-title":"Novel avian influenza a virus infections of humans","volume":"33","author":"Uyeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01581","article-title":"Influenza a virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement","volume":"9","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01071","article-title":"Impact of obesity on influenza a virus pathogenesis, immune response, and evolution","volume":"10","author":"Honce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038695","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic and its legacy","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq152","article-title":"A novel risk factor for a novel virus: obesity and 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1)","volume":"52","author":"Louie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00546.x","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on the outcome of infections: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Falagas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900857","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00857-2019","article-title":"Fatty airways: implications for obstructive disease","volume":"54","author":"Elliot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090949","article-title":"Seasonal and pandemic human influenza viruses attach better to human upper respiratory tract epithelium than avian influenza viruses","volume":"176","author":"van Riel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa117","article-title":"Human influenza a virus causes myocardial and cardiac-specific conduction system infection associated with early inflammation and premature death","author":"Filgueiras-Rama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402295","article-title":"Obesity increases mortality and modulates the lung metabolome during pandemic h1n1 influenza virus infection in mice","volume":"194","author":"Milner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit031","article-title":"Leptin mediates the pathogenesis of severe 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1) infection associated with cytokine dysregulation in mice with diet-induced obesity","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108138","article-title":"Impaired clearance of influenza a virus in obese, leptin receptor deficient mice is independent of leptin signaling in the lung epithelium and macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Radigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0452-x","article-title":"Role of leptin and socs3 in inhibiting the type i interferon response during obesity","volume":"40","author":"Teran-Cabanillas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01843","article-title":"Influenza virus-induced robust expression of socs3 contributes to excessive production of il-6","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03341","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03341-19","article-title":"Obesity-related microenvironment promotes emergence of virulent influenza virus strains","volume":"11","author":"Honce","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.123653","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity in mice reduces the maintenance of influenza-specific cd8+ memory t cells","volume":"140","author":"Karlsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02895.x","article-title":"Selective impairment in dendritic cell function and altered antigen-specific cd8+ t-cell responses in diet-induced obese mice infected with influenza virus","volume":"126","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.177105","article-title":"Interferon-gamma, a th1 cytokine, regulates fat inflammation: a role for adaptive immunity in obesity","volume":"103","author":"Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097238","article-title":"1h nmr-based profiling reveals differential immune-metabolic networks during influenza virus infection in obese mice","volume":"9","author":"Milner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716561115","article-title":"Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community","volume":"115","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir442","article-title":"Obesity and respiratory hospitalizations during influenza seasons in Ontario, Canada: a cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Kwong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2015.11.011","article-title":"High body mass index as a risk factor for hospitalization due to influenza: a case-control study","volume":"52","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy370","article-title":"Obesity increases the duration of influenza a virus shedding in adults","volume":"218","author":"Maier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00864.x","article-title":"Obesity is associated with higher risk of intensive care unit admission and death in influenza a (h1n1) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Fezeu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1160","article-title":"Impact of obesity in patients infected with 2009 influenza a(h1n1)","volume":"139","author":"Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055631","article-title":"Viral pneumonitis is increased in obese patients during the first wave of pandemic a(h1n1) 2009 virus","volume":"8","author":"Kok","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19309","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.33.19309-en","article-title":"Epidemiology of fatal cases associated with pandemic h1n1 influenza 2009","volume":"14","author":"Vaillant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908481","article-title":"Critical care services and 2009 h1n1 influenza in australia and new zealand","volume":"361","author":"Webb","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.208","article-title":"Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to influenza vaccination in humans","volume":"36","author":"Sheridan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.131","article-title":"Increased risk of influenza among vaccinated adults who are obese","volume":"41","author":"Neidich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20383","article-title":"Overweight and obese adult humans have a defective cellular immune response to pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus","volume":"21","author":"Paich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-14","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing sars-like disease","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"Covid-19, sars and mers: Are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70204-4","article-title":"Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from saudi arabia: a descriptive study","volume":"13","author":"Assiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2011.0099","article-title":"Sars-cov regulates immune function-related gene expression in human monocytic cells","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.04.020","article-title":"Hypoxia potentiates tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in white and brown adipocytes","volume":"461","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078","article-title":"The ace2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with sars-cov-2","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0045","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) in disease pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ J."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"766","article-title":"Expression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in human adipose tissues","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00662-x","article-title":"Expression of the sars-cov-2 cell receptor gene ace2 in a wide variety of human tissues","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0260-8","article-title":"Adipocyte deficiency of ace2 increases systolic blood pressures of obese female c57bl\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1140","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00311.2019","article-title":"Ace2 exerts anti-obesity effect via stimulating brown adipose tissue and induction of browning in white adipose tissue","volume":"317","author":"Kawabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.07.008","article-title":"Ace2 activator diminazene aceturate reduces adiposity but preserves lean mass in young and old rats","volume":"111","author":"Bruce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1643-8","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-ncov infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.04.001","article-title":"Sars-cov-2 in spanish intensive care: Early experience with 15-day survival in vitoria","author":"Barrasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E004","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112148-20200220-00105","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-ncov","volume":"48","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22808","article-title":"Covid 19 and the patient with obesity - the editors speak out","volume":"28","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with covid-19 in the New York city area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","article-title":"Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for covid-19 hospital admission","volume":"71","author":"Lighter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced host response to sars-cov-2 drives development of covid-19","volume":"181","author":"Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102463","article-title":"Assessing ace2 expression patterns in lung tissues in the pathogenesis of covid-19","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000688","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00688-2020","article-title":"Ace-2 expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and copd patients: implications for covid-19","volume":"55","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"Covid-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920004117","article-title":"Regulation of adipose tissue inflammation by interleukin 6","volume":"117","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133494","article-title":"Obesity is a positive modulator of il-6r and il-6 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue: significance for metabolic inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Sindhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.04.009","article-title":"Nucleocapsid protein of sars-cov activates interleukin-6 expression through cellular transcription factor nf-kappab","volume":"365","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001845","article-title":"Lowering of blood pressure leads to decreased circulating interleukin-6 in hypertensive subjects","volume":"19","author":"Vazquez-Oliva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1770129","article-title":"Profiling serum cytokines in covid-19 patients reveals il-6 and il-10 are disease severity predictors","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe covid-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01792-08","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus-induced lung epithelial cytokines exacerbate sars pathogenesis by modulating intrinsic functions of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"83","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.1.159","article-title":"Obesity and body fat distribution induce endothelial dysfunction by oxidative stress: protective effect of vitamin c","volume":"50","author":"Perticone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in covid-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) in sars coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.058","article-title":"Leptin mediates the increase in blood pressure associated with obesity","volume":"159","author":"Simonds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)","volume":"5","author":"Inciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0624-5","article-title":"Covid-19 and fat embolism: a hypothesis to explain the severe clinical outcome in people with obesity","author":"Cinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07027","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) mediates influenza h7n9 virus-induced acute lung injury","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.032","article-title":"Comparison of hospitalized patients with ards caused by covid-19 and h1n1","volume":"158","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa578","article-title":"Case fatality risk of the first pandemic wave of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in china","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.556962\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T05:34:28Z","timestamp":1601962468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.556962\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2020.556962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.556962","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"article-number":"556962"}}