{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:44:45Z","timestamp":1790790285714,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Half of the patients with phaeochromocytoma have glucose intolerance which could be life-threatening as well as causing postoperative hypoglycemia. Glucose intolerance is due to impaired insulin secretion and\/or increased insulin resistance. Impaired insulin secretion is caused by stimulating adrenergic \u03b12 receptors of pancreatic \u03b2-cells and increased insulin resistance is caused by stimulating adrenergic \u03b11 and \u03b23 receptors in adipocytes, \u03b11 and \u03b22 receptors of pancreatic \u03b1-cells and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, different affinities to respective adrenergic receptors exist between epinephrine and norepinephrine. Clinical studies revealed patients with phaeochromocytoma had impaired insulin secretion as well as increased insulin resistance. Furthermore, excess of epinephrine could affect glucose intolerance mainly by impaired insulin secretion and excess of norepinephrine could affect glucose intolerance mainly by increased insulin resistance. Glucose intolerance on paraganglioma could be caused by increased insulin resistance mainly considering paraganglioma produces more norepinephrine than epinephrine. To conclude, the difference of actions between excess of epinephrine and norepinephrine could lead to improve understanding and management of glucose intolerance on phaeochromocytoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.593780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1606362238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Glucose Intolerance on Phaeochromocytoma and Paraganglioma\u2014The Current Understanding and Clinical Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Abe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhadul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred King-Yin","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5146\/tjpath.2015.01318","article-title":"Updated on paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas","volume":"31","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050102","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma: evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Walther","year":"1999","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-017-9484-5","article-title":"Update on Adrenal Tumors in 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) of Endocrine Tumors","volume":"28","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000251887.01885.54","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma: presentation, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Reisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2007.07.001","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, pathophysiology, unmet needs and therapeutical perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Virally","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.4.0336","article-title":"Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects","volume":"19","author":"Ferrannini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(66)92986-2","article-title":"Inhibition of insulin secretion by a phaeochromocytoma","volume":"2","author":"Wilber","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109718","article-title":"Epinephrine-induced insulin resistance in man","volume":"65","author":"Deibert","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67139-5","article-title":"Phaeochromocytoma","volume":"366","author":"Lenders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1060511","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in phaeochromocytoma. 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