{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:21:55Z","timestamp":1784798515387,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011264","name":"FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"We recently characterized two paralogs of the thyrotropin (TSH) beta subunit in Atlantic salmon,tsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>andtsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>, issued from teleost-specific whole genome duplication. The transcript expression oftsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>, but not oftsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>, peaks at the time of smoltification, which revealed a specific involvement oftsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>paralog in this metamorphic event.Tsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>andtsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>are expressed by distinct pituitary cells in salmon, likely related to TSH cells from thepars distalis<\/jats:italic>andpars tuberalis<\/jats:italic>, respectively, in mammals and birds. The present study aimed at investigating the neuroendocrine and endocrine factors potentially involved in the differential regulation oftsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>andtsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>paralogs, using primary cultures of Atlantic salmon pituitary cells. The effects of various neurohormones and endocrine factors potentially involved in the control of development, growth, and metabolism were tested. Transcript levels oftsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>andtsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>were measured by qPCR, as well as those of growth hormone (gh<\/jats:italic>), for comparison and validation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulatedtsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>transcript levels in agreement with its potential role in the thyrotropic axis in teleosts, but had no effect ontsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>paralog, while it also stimulatedgh<\/jats:italic>transcript levels. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) had no effect on neithertsh\u03b2<\/jats:italic>paralogs norgh<\/jats:italic>. Somatostatin (SRIH) had no effects on bothtsh\u03b2<\/jats:italic>paralogs, while it exerted a canonical inhibitory effect ongh<\/jats:italic>transcript levels. Thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] inhibited transcript levels of bothtsh\u03b2<\/jats:italic>paralogs, as well asgh<\/jats:italic>, but with a much stronger effect ontsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>than ontsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>andgh.<\/jats:italic>Conversely, cortisol had a stronger inhibitory effect ontsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>thantsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>, while no effect ongh<\/jats:italic>. Remarkably, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) dose-dependently stimulatedtsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>transcript levels, while it had no effect ontsh\u03b2a<\/jats:italic>, and a classical inhibitory effect ongh<\/jats:italic>. This study provides the first data on the neuroendocrine factors involved in the differential regulation of the expression of the twotsh\u03b2<\/jats:italic>paralogs. It suggests that IGF1 may be involved in triggering the expression peak of thetsh\u03b2b<\/jats:italic>paralog at smoltification, thus representing a potential internal signal in the link between body growth and smoltification metamorphosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.603538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T06:56:43Z","timestamp":1606460203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differential Regulation of the Expression of the Two Thyrotropin Beta Subunit Paralogs by Salmon Pituitary Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mitchell Stewart","family":"Fleming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gersende","family":"Maugars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of Amphibian Metamorphosis","volume-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol","author":"Denver","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10641260802325377","article-title":"The molecular and endocrine basis of flatfish metamorphosis","volume":"16","author":"Power","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Fish Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1139\/f76-158","article-title":"Smolt transformation: evolution, behaviour, and physiology","volume":"33","author":"Hoar","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Fish Res Board Can"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2304-4_4","article-title":"Salmonid smolting: a pre-adaptation to the oceanic environment","volume-title":"Fish Ecophysiology","author":"Boeuf","year":"1993"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396951-4.00005-0","article-title":"Smolt Physiology and Endocrinology","volume-title":"Euryhaline Fishes, Fish Physiology","author":"McCormick","year":"2012"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.03.002","article-title":"Is salmon smoltification an example of vertebrate metamorphosis? 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