{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:17:32Z","timestamp":1792592252059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a group of synthetic compounds widely used in industry plants due to their low grade of degradation, surfactant properties, thermic and flame resistance. These characteristics are useful for the industrial production, however they are also potentially dangerous for human health and for the environment. PFAS are persistent pollutants accumulating in waters and soil and recoverable in foods due to their release by food packaging. Humans are daily exposed to PFAS because these compounds are ubiquitous and, when assimilated, they are difficult to be eliminated, persisting for years both in humans and animals. Due to their persistence and potential danger to health, some old generation PFAS have been replaced by newly synthesized PFAS with the aim to use alternative compounds presumably safer for humans and the environment. Yet, the environmental pollution with PFAS remains a matter of concern worldwide and led to large-scale epidemiological studies both on plants\u2019 workers and on exposed people in the general population. In this context, strong concern emerged concerning the potential adverse effects of PFAS on the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones play a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, and thyroid function is related to cardiovascular disease, fertility, and fetal neurodevelopment.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    data, and epidemiological studies suggested that PFASs may disrupt the thyroid hormone system in humans, with possible negative repercussions on the outcome of pregnancy and fetal-child development. However, data on the thyroid disrupting effect of PFAS remain controversial, as well as their impact on human health in different ages of life. Aim of the present paper is to review recent data on the effects of old and new generation PFAS on thyroid homeostasis. To this purpose we collected information from\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies, animal models, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    data on exposed workers, general population, and pregnant women.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.612320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T23:47:46Z","timestamp":1611013666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":263,"title":["Thyroid Disrupting Effects of Old and New Generation PFAS"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Coperchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Magri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rotondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Imbriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1021\/es0512475","article-title":"Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates","volume":"40","author":"Prevedouros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.380","article-title":"A short review on human exposure to and tissue distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)","volume":"636","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manage"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509910","article-title":"Fluorotechnology is critical to modern life: the FluoroCouncil counterpoint to the Madrid Statement","volume":"123","author":"Bowman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.08.002","article-title":"Changes in serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances during a 10-year follow-up period in a large population-based cohort","volume":"95","author":"Stubleski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.040","article-title":"In situ fate and partitioning of waterborne perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the Youngsan and Nakdong River Estuaries of South Korea","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0572-z","article-title":"Thyroid disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)","volume":"40","author":"Coperchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60047","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action","volume":"122","author":"Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0007","article-title":"Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.004","article-title":"New insights into thyroid hormone action","volume":"21","author":"Oetting","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0801880","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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