{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:21:09Z","timestamp":1787311269120,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gonadotropes cells located in the anterior pituitary gland are critical for reproductive fitness. A rapid surge in the serum concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by anterior pituitary gonadotropes is essential for stimulating ovulation and is thus required for a successful pregnancy. To meet the requirements to mount the LH surge, gonadotrope cells display plasticity at the cellular, molecular and morphological level. First, gonadotrope cells heighten their sensitivity to an increasing frequency of hypothalamic GnRH pulses by dynamically elevating the expression of the GnRH receptor (GnRHR). Following ligand binding, GnRH initiates highly organized intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately promote the synthesis of LH and the trafficking of LH vesicles to the cell periphery. Lastly, gonadotrope cells display morphological plasticity, where there is directed mobilization of cytoskeletal processes towards vascular elements to facilitate rapid LH secretion into peripheral circulation. This mini review discusses the functional and organizational plasticity in gonadotrope cells including changes in sensitivity to GnRH, composition of the GnRHR signaling platform within the plasma membrane, and changes in cellular morphology. Ultimately, multimodal plasticity changes elicited by gonadotropes are critical for the generation of the LH surge, which is required for ovulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.616053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T03:44:06Z","timestamp":1612410246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Plasticity of Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrope Cells Facilitates the Pre-Ovulatory LH Surge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Clay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Cherrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Navratil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.13.3.453","article-title":"Intercellular communication within the anterior pituitary influencing the secretion of hypophysial hormones","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(02)00337-4","article-title":"Signaling and transcriptional control of pituitary development","volume":"12","author":"Burgess","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(88)80021-1","article-title":"Molecular biology and regulation of the hypothalamic hormones","volume":"2","author":"Maclean","year":"1988","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000127189","article-title":"On the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the operation of the GnRH pulse generator in the rhesus monkey","volume":"65","author":"Ordog","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.2.303","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone requirements for ovulation","volume":"56","author":"Karsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-571130-2.50005-5","article-title":"On the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey","volume":"30","author":"Knobil","year":"1974","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.100883","article-title":"Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"202","author":"Belchetz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Gonadotropin secretion and its control","volume-title":"The Physiology of Reproduction","author":"Fink","year":"1988"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1994.1037","article-title":"Steroid modulation of pulsatile LHRH release in the rhesus monkey","volume":"28","author":"Terasawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1450271","article-title":"Evidence that the switch from negative to positive feedback at the level of the pituitary gland is an important timing event for the onset of the preovulatory surge in LH in the ewe","volume":"145","author":"Clarke","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-2760(95)95218-T","article-title":"The preovulatory LH surge A case of a neuroendocrine switch","volume":"6","author":"Clarke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1282","article-title":"Minireview: kisspeptin neurons as central processors in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion","volume":"147","author":"Dungan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2988-17.2017","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neuron Excitability Is Regulated by Estradiol Feedback and Kisspeptin","volume":"38","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1851","article-title":"Positive, but not negative feedback actions of estradiol in adult female mice require estrogen receptor alpha in kisspeptin neurons","volume":"156","author":"Dubois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-12-1980","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors and messenger RNA activity in ovine pituitary culture","volume":"4","author":"Sealfon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod48.3.683","article-title":"Gonadotrope responsiveness in orchidectomized sheep. II. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone amplitude shift during continuous infusion of estradiol","volume":"48","author":"Sakurai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod30.5.1208","article-title":"Role of estradiol in inducing an ovulatory-like surge of luteinizing hormone in sheep","volume":"30","author":"Nett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod43.6.1032","article-title":"Estradiol-induced increase in number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in cultured ovine pituitary cells","volume":"43","author":"Gregg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod40.2.288","article-title":"Direct effects of estradiol-17 beta on the number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the ovine pituitary","volume":"40","author":"Gregg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod31.5.1007","article-title":"Effect of number of receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the release of luteinizing hormone","volume":"31","author":"Wise","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125001","article-title":"Changes in the number of GnRH-receptive cells during the rat estrous cycle: biphasic effects of estradiol","volume":"48","author":"Lloyd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1360","article-title":"Gonadotrope plasticity at cellular and population levels","volume":"153","author":"Alim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1153","article-title":"Neuroendocrine plasticity in the anterior pituitary: gonadotropin-releasing hormone-mediated movement in vitro and in vivo","volume":"148","author":"Navratil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062736","article-title":"Pituitary development: regulatory codes in mammalian organogenesis","volume":"295","author":"Scully","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.113344","article-title":"Gonadotrope plasticity at cellular, population and structural levels: A comparison between fishes and mammals","volume":"287","author":"Fontaine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.4.1084","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the gonadotrope cell subpopulations during an estradiol-induced surge in the ewe","volume":"63","author":"Molter-Gerard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.4.5090","article-title":"Differential effects of inhibin on gonadotropin stores and gonadotropin-releasing hormone binding to pituitary cells from cycling female rats","volume":"138","author":"Childs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.1.1727707","article-title":"Recruitment and maturation of small subsets of luteinizing hormone gonadotropes during the estrous cycle","volume":"130","author":"Childs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.1.1727708","article-title":"Heightened secretion by small and medium-sized luteinizing hormone (LH) gonadotropes late in the cycle suggests contributions to the LH surge or possible paracrine interactions","volume":"130","author":"Childs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1836","article-title":"Molecular Plasticity of Male and Female Murine Gonadotropes Revealed by mRNA Sequencing","volume":"157","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60657-3","article-title":"Division of labor among gonadotropes","volume":"50","author":"Childs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00252-6","article-title":"Growth hormone cells as co-gonadotropes: partners in the regulation of the reproductive system","volume":"11","author":"Childs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00705-x","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of adult mouse pituitary reveals sexual dimorphism and physiologic demand-induced cellular plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00006.2006","article-title":"Molecular physiology of pituitary development: signaling and transcriptional networks","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.110.1.42.906","article-title":"Development of gonadotropes may involve cyclic transdifferentiation of growth hormone cells","volume":"110","author":"Childs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.040758","article-title":"Multifunctional cells of mouse anterior pituitary reveal a striking sexual dimorphism","volume":"549","author":"Nunez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00623","article-title":"Cell Type- and Sex-Dependent Transcriptome Profiles of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells","volume":"10","author":"Fletcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-96-1-57","article-title":"A daily signal for the LH surge in the rat","volume":"96","author":"Legan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.7361784x","article-title":"Messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and numbers of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in ovariectomized ewes after hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection and treatment with estradiol","volume":"73","author":"Turzillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.091926","article-title":"Does a nonclassical signaling mechanism underlie an increase of estradiol-mediated gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding in ovine pituitary cells","volume":"85","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00586","article-title":"Association of Gnrhr mRNA With the Stem Cell Determinant Musashi: A Mechanism for Leptin-Mediated Modulation of GnRHR Expression","volume":"159","author":"Odle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.01.158","article-title":"Aromatase inhibition causes increased amplitude, but not frequency, of hypothalamic-pituitary output in normal women","volume":"95","author":"Kucherov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2274","article-title":"Pulsatile luteinizing hormone amplitude and progesterone metabolite excretion are reduced in obese women","volume":"92","author":"Jain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00367","article-title":"Leptin Regulation of Gonadotrope Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors As a Metabolic Checkpoint and Gateway to Reproductive Competence","volume":"8","author":"Odle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-019-00105-5","article-title":"Aromatase Inhibition Ameliorates Decreased LH Output Found in Obese Women","volume":"27","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1946","article-title":"Estradiol Priming Improves Gonadotrope Sensitivity and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Women","volume":"100","author":"Al-Safi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz166","article-title":"Enrichment of ovine gonadotropes via adenovirus gene targeting enhances assessment of transcriptional changes in response to estradiol-17 betadagger","volume":"102","author":"Murtazina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.1.0289","article-title":"Studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) action using GnRH receptor-expressing pituitary cell lines","volume":"18","author":"Kaiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.6.0005","article-title":"Regulation of G(q\/11)alpha by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"11","author":"Stanislaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(99)00232-5","article-title":"Activation of MAPK cascades by G-protein-coupled receptors: the case of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"11","author":"Naor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.07.001","article-title":"Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): studies on the GnRH receptor","volume":"30","author":"Naor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1317","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in perifused L{beta}T2 cells","volume":"146","author":"Kanasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.04.002","article-title":"GnRH signaling, the gonadotrope and endocrine control of fertility","volume":"31","author":"Bliss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.09.003","article-title":"Hormones in synergy: regulation of the pituitary gonadotropin genes","volume":"314","author":"Thackray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0030","article-title":"ERK signaling in the pituitary is required for female but not male fertility","volume":"23","author":"Bliss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.20.13870","article-title":"Activation of luteinizing hormone beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone requires the synergy of early growth response-1 and steroidogenic factor-1","volume":"274","author":"Dorn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5279.1219","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone deficiency and female infertility in mice lacking the transcription factor NGFI-A (Egr-1)","volume":"273","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304273200","article-title":"Constitutive localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor to low density membrane microdomains is necessary for GnRH signaling to ERK","volume":"278","author":"Navratil","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2004.0181.x","article-title":"Lipids as targeting signals: lipid rafts and intracellular trafficking","volume":"5","author":"Helms","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R200021-JLR200","article-title":"Lipid rafts: bringing order to chaos","volume":"44","author":"Pike","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0289","article-title":"Signaling complexes associated with the type I gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor: colocalization of extracellularly regulated kinase 2 and GnRH receptor within membrane rafts","volume":"21","author":"Bliss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.5.0633","article-title":"Binding of agonist but not antagonist leads to fluorescence resonance energy transfer between intrinsically fluorescent gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors","volume":"15","author":"Horvat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007850200","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor microaggregation. Rate monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer","volume":"276","author":"Cornea","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2193","article-title":"Tether and trap: regulation of membrane-raft dynamics by actin-binding proteins","volume":"7","author":"Viola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0022-6","article-title":"Cytoskeleton-membrane interactions in membrane raft structure","volume":"66","author":"Chichili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5806-1_8","article-title":"Membrane\/cytoskeleton communication","volume":"37","author":"Meiri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1208","article-title":"GnRH evokes localized subplasmalemmal calcium signaling in gonadotropes","volume":"28","author":"Dang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1924","article-title":"Role of cortactin in dynamic actin remodeling events in gonadotrope cells","volume":"155","author":"Navratil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod21.5.1073","article-title":"Interaction of GnRH with anterior pituitary. III. Role of divalent cations, microtubules and microfilaments in the GnRH activated gonadotroph","volume":"21","author":"Adams","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2007.00789.x","article-title":"Secretory vesicle docking to the plasma membrane: molecular mechanism and functional significance","author":"Izumi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1156-5","article-title":"Multiple roles for the actin cytoskeleton during regulated exocytosis","volume":"70","author":"Porat-Shliom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-119-2-629","article-title":"Morphometric studies of rat anterior pituitary cells after gonadectomy: correlation of changes in gonadotropes with the serum levels of gonadotropins","volume":"119","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71461-0_2","article-title":"Functional ultrastructure of gonadotropes: a review","volume":"7","author":"Childs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Curr Topics Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.08.002","article-title":"Anterior pituitary cell networks","volume":"33","author":"Le Tissier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2012.03.033","article-title":"Pituitary endocrine cell networks - 10 years and beyond","volume":"73","author":"Hodson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.02.004","article-title":"A tridimensional view of pituitary development and function","volume":"23","author":"Mollard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"The differential secretion of FSH and LH: regulation through genes, feedback and packaging","volume":"61","author":"McNeilly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod Suppl"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12041","article-title":"Navigating pituitary structure and function - defining a roadmap for hormone secretion","volume":"25","author":"Hodson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1430","article-title":"Influence of estrogens on GH-cell network dynamics in females: a live in situ imaging approach","volume":"152","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.4.725","article-title":"Regulation of gonadotropin secretion and number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors by inhibin, activin-A, and estradiol","volume":"44","author":"Gregg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1470259","article-title":"Mobilization of LH secretory granules in gonadotrophs in relation to gene expression, synthesis and secretion of LH during the preovulatory phase of the sheep oestrous cycle","volume":"147","author":"Currie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.5104","article-title":"The positive feedback action of estrogen mobilizes LH-containing, but not FSH-containing secretory granules in ovine gonadotropes","volume":"138","author":"Thomas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.06.016","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone-independent rise of progesterone as the physiological trigger of the ovulatory gonadotropins surge in the human","volume":"114","author":"Dozortsev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.616053\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T03:44:11Z","timestamp":1612410251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.616053\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2020.616053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.616053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"article-number":"616053"}}