{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:23:44Z","timestamp":1783988624144,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies showed that patients with Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (GO) had concomitant mucosal abnormality within the paranasal sinuses. It remains unknown whether the immunological reactions in sinus mucosa affect the orbit inflammation in GO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with GO underwent sinus computed tomography (CT) scans for sinus mucosal disease by two independent reviewers using the Lund-MacKay systems. Ethmoid mucosal samples were collected during orbital decompression surgeries for patients with GO and correction surgeries for patients with old orbital fractures as controls. Histological analysis and immunofluorescence were performed in all sinus mucosa tissues. Flow cytometry analysis was used to examine the immunological features of sinus mucosa in both GO and control groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunohistochemistry showed that the paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with GO grew swelling, with goblet cell and small vessel proliferation, endothelial cell swelling, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The number of T helper (Th)1, Th17, and gamma-delta T cells in nasal sinus mucosa of patients with GO increased significantly compared with those from controls. Further, the proportion of Th1 cells was significantly correlated with clinical activity score. In addition, there was a decreased number of regulatory T cells in patients with GO. The number of Th2 cells showed no significant difference between the two groups. Finally, the proportion of interleukin-22-producing cell subsets in gamma-delta T cells of patients with GO was significantly increased compared with those from controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our observations illustrated a potential pathogenic role of mucosal-infiltrating T cells, which may have the possibility to aggravate inflammatory responses in GO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.621321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T18:38:06Z","timestamp":1612982286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunological Features of Paranasal Sinus Mucosa in Patients with Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazhuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.61","article-title":"Graves orbitopathy: a perspective","volume":"5","author":"Perros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555762","article-title":"Current Insights into the Pathogenesis of Graves\u2019 Ophthalmopathy","volume":"47","author":"Bahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. 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