{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:58:45Z","timestamp":1793599125890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common diseases in older men, adversely affects quality-of-life due to the presence of low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Numerous data support the presence of an association between BPH-related LUTS (BPH-LUTS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Whether hormonal changes occurring in MetS play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH-LUTS is a debated issue. Therefore, this article aimed to systematically review the impact of hormonal changes that occur during aging on the prostate, including the role of sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor 1, thyroid hormones, and insulin. The possible explanatory mechanisms of the association between BPH-LUTS and MetS are also discussed. In particular, the presence of a male polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)-equivalent may represent a possible hypothesis to support this link. Male PCOS-equivalent has been defined as an endocrine syndrome with a metabolic background, which predisposes to the development of type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, BPH and prostatitis in old age. Its early identification would help prevent the onset of these long-term complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.554078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T16:50:27Z","timestamp":1614012627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Endocrinology of the Aging Prostate: Current Concepts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rossella","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita A.","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"La Vignera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo E.","family":"Calogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia: epidemiology, economics and evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Vuichoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21332","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21340","article-title":"Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2016: Progress and opportunities in reducing racial disparities","volume":"66","author":"De Santis","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.22.9575","article-title":"Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Daniyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8201","article-title":"Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study","volume":"87","author":"Feldman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2004.03.023","article-title":"The health of normally aging men: The Massachusetts Male Aging Study (1987\u20132004)","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2513","article-title":"Characteristics of androgen deficiency in late-onset hypogonadism: results from the European Male Aging Study (EMAS)","volume":"97","author":"Tajar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02783.x","article-title":"Testosterone deficiency in men: systematic review and standard operating procedures for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Buvat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122336","article-title":"Late-onset hypogonadism: Current concepts and controversies of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Huhtaniemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/329456","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia: a new metabolic disease of the aging male and its correlation with sexual dysfunctions","volume":"2014","author":"Corona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000020181","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone and the concept of 5alpha-reductase inhibition in human benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"37","author":"Bartsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.10.006","article-title":"Testosterone and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"7","author":"Rastrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091960302","article-title":"Correlation of early cytodifferentiation of the human fetal prostate and Leydig cells","volume":"196","author":"Kellokumpu-Lehtinen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1992.tb00338.x","article-title":"Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract. 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