{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:32:45Z","timestamp":1793712765821,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to compare the ultra-long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) protocol and the long GnRH-a protocol during\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm (ICSI) treatment on fertility outcomes in women with adenomyosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a retrospective cohort study. From January 2011 to May 2018, a total of 371 fresh IVF\/ICSI cycles were included. Among the cycles included, 237 cycles of 212 women underwent the ultra-long GnRH-a protocol, while 134 cycles of 116 women underwent the long GnRH-a protocol. The rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy per embryo transfer, live birth, and early miscarriage were estimated between the compared protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the study, the early miscarriage rate in women undergoing the ultra-long GnRH-a protocol was significantly lower than those undergoing the long GnRH-a protocol (12.0%\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      26.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.045), whereas the differences in the rates of biochemical pregnancy, implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth in women between the two groups showed no statistical significance. The pregnancy outcomes were also sub-analyzed according to the adenomyotic region (diffuse and focal). As for diffuse adenomyosis, the rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth in women undergoing the ultra-long GnRH-a protocol were significantly higher than those undergoing the long GnRH-a protocol (55.3%\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      37.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.025; 43.4%\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      25.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.019, respectively). However, pregnancy outcomes showed no difference between the two protocols in women with focal adenomyosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ultra-long GnRH-a protocol during IVF\/ICSI improves pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis, especially in women with diffuse adenomyosis when compared with the long GnRH-a protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.609771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T04:58:02Z","timestamp":1622437082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Ultra-Long GnRH Agonist Protocol During IVF\/ICSI Improves Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Adenomyosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoqiu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zexuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuedan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(95)91387-4","article-title":"Uterine Junctional Zone: Function and Disease","volume":"346","author":"Brosens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.15.60","article-title":"Adenomyosis: What is New","volume":"11","author":"Senturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2006.12.011","article-title":"[Adenomyosis]","volume":"36","author":"Fernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.02.008","article-title":"Uterine Polyps, Adenomyosis, Leiomyomas, and Endometrial Receptivity","volume":"111","author":"Munro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1393404","article-title":"Treatment Options and Reproductive Outcome for Adenomyosis-Associated Infertility","volume":"34","author":"Soave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13158","article-title":"Uterine Adenomyosis and Infertility, Review of Reproductive Outcome After In Vitro Fertilization and Surgery","volume":"96","author":"Dueholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.10.003","article-title":"Adenomyosis and Infertility","volume":"24","author":"Campo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.025","article-title":"Effects of Adenomyosis on In Vitro Fertilization Treatment Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Younes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118756754","article-title":"Fertility-Sparing Treatment of Adenomyosis in Patients With Infertility: A Systematic Review of Current Options","volume":"25","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"The Role of Inflammatory and Immune Reactivity in Developing Pain in Adenomyosis","volume":"60","author":"Orazov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.12.001","article-title":"The Distribution of Immune Cells and Macrophages in the Endometrium of Women With Recurrent Reproductive Failure. 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