{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:16:47Z","timestamp":1793387807080,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>High mobility group box (HMGB)-1 has been implicated in endometriosis due to the important regulatory roles of inflammation in endometriosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the roles of HMGB-1 in endometriosis and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endometrial specimens were collected from women with endometriosis and healthy volunteers. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to determine the expression patterns and localization of HMGB-1 in the normal, eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2], autophagy-related markers [beclin-1, autophagy-related (atg)13, microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC)3-I, LC-II and p62] and HMGB-1, respectively. Spearman\u2019s rank correlation analysis was employed to investigate the correlation between HMGB-1 with inflammatory cytokines and beclin-1. Besides, human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) were isolated from ectopic endometrium and subsequently transfected with shRNA against HMGB-1. After the transfected cells were subjected to hypoxia, ELISA was used to determine the levels of HMGB-1 and inflammatory cytokines in the cell supernatant. Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of autophagy-related markers in the cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Positive correlations were observed between HMGB-1 and the inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a positive correlation was also identified between HMGB-1 and beclin-1 in the ectopic endometrium. Further results demonstrated that autophagy-related markers beclin-1, atg13 and p62 were significantly upregulated in the ectopic endometrium. In addition, HMGB-1 knockdown suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 and autophagy-related markers beclin-1 and atg13, while upregulated p62 in HESCs under hypoxic condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knockdown of HMGB-1 under hypoxic condition regulated inflammatory cytokines and autophagy-related markers. HMGB-1 might contribute to the development of endometriosis in part through regulating inflammatory response and autophagy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.616696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T15:29:06Z","timestamp":1616167746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["HMGB1 Mediated Inflammation and Autophagy Contribute to 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