{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:09:24Z","timestamp":1793304564406,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common condition. A transient reduction in blood glucose values is part of a transitional metabolic adaptation following birth, which resolves within the first 48 to 72\u00a0h of life. In addition, several factors may interfere with glucose homeostasis, especially in case of limited metabolic stores or increased energy expenditure. Although the effect of mild transient asymptomatic hypoglycemia on brain development remains unclear, a correlation between severe and prolonged hypoglycemia and cerebral damage has been proven. A selective vulnerability of some brain regions to hypoglycemia including the second and the third superficial layers of the cerebral cortex, the dentate gyrus, the subiculum, the CA1 regions in the hippocampus, and the caudate-putamen nuclei has been observed. Several mechanisms contribute to neuronal damage during hypoglycemia. Neuronal depolarization induced by hypoglycemia leads to an elevated release of glutamate and aspartate, thus promoting excitotoxicity, and to an increased release of zinc to the extracellular space, causing the extensive activation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 which promotes neuronal death. In this review we discuss the cerebral glucose homeostasis, the mechanisms of brain injury following neonatal hypoglycemia and the possible treatment strategies to reduce its occurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.634305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:41:23Z","timestamp":1615898483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Brain Vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura Costanza","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Brigati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Polleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Malova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Minghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Massirio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Traggiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Maghnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Antonio","family":"Ramenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2018.07.004","article-title":"Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Is There a Sweet Spot","volume":"30","author":"Puchalski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.022","article-title":"Incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in babies identified as at risk","volume":"16","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00034","article-title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Hypoglycemia During Fetal-to-Neonatal Transition in Premature Infants","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2016-0063","article-title":"Neonatal Hypoglycemia","volume":"38","author":"Thompson-Branch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308336","article-title":"What is a normal blood glucose","volume":"101","author":"G\u00fcemes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2017.10.007","article-title":"Hyperinsulinism in the Neonate","volume":"45","author":"Lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12496","article-title":"Variable outcome for epilepsy after neonatal hypoglycaemia","volume":"56","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.12.047","article-title":"Hypoglycemia is associated with increased risk for brain injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in neonates at risk for encephalopathy","volume":"161","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000258546.83251.36","article-title":"Extensive white matter injury in hypoglycemic coma","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3107","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury is a cause of infantile spasms","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.5.1141","article-title":"Controversies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds","volume":"105","author":"Cornblath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3851","article-title":"Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants","volume":"127","author":"Adamkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.9986","article-title":"Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM clinical protocol #1: guidelines for blood glucose monitoring and treatment of hypoglycemia in term and late-preterm neonates, revised 2014","volume":"9","author":"Wight","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.03.057","article-title":"Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for Evaluation and Management of Persistent Hypoglycemia in Neonates, Infants, and Children","volume":"167","author":"Thornton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334419846128","article-title":"Identification and Management of Neonatal Hypoglycemia in the Full-Term Infant. British Association of Perinatal Medicine Framework for Practice, 2017","volume":"35","author":"Hawdon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz134","article-title":"The screening and management of newborns at risk for low blood glucose","volume":"24","author":"Narvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14955","article-title":"Swedish national guideline for prevention and treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia in newborn infants with gestational age \u226535 weeks","volume":"109","author":"Wackernagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/sp.2000.6360","article-title":"Gluconeogenesis in the fetus and neonate","volume":"24","author":"Kalhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117084 e0117084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117084","article-title":"Placental glucose transfer: a human in vivo study","volume":"10","author":"Holme","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.1999.0448","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the human placenta","volume":"21","author":"Illsley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01154","article-title":"Uteroplacental Glucose Uptake and Fetal Glucose Consumption: A Quantitative Study in Human Pregnancies","volume":"104","author":"Michelsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19910042","article-title":"Energy and substrate requirements of the placenta and fetus","volume":"50","author":"Hay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"B23","article-title":"Control of glucose metabolism in the perinatal period","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dev Physiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.005","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis in the newborn","volume":"81","author":"Hume","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Menon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000242605","article-title":"Gluconeogenesis in late fetal and early neonatal life","volume":"50","author":"Girard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000104174","article-title":"Glucose regulation in preterm newborn infants","volume":"68","author":"Mitanchez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.83.2.f117","article-title":"Blood glucose levels in a population of healthy, breast fed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age","volume":"83","author":"Hoseth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.537","article-title":"Both relative insulin resistance and defective islet beta-cell processing of proinsulin are responsible for transient hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants","volume":"113","author":"Mitanchez-Mokhtari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.1.f62","article-title":"An inadequate glycaemic response to glucagon is linked to insulin resistance in preterm infants","volume":"88","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.2.202","article-title":"Abnormal expression of glucose-6-phosphatase in preterm infants","volume":"68","author":"Hume","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0550","article-title":"Plasma catecholamines and the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in infants: a critical role for epinephrine and cortisol","volume":"89","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.947","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN working group on pediatric parenteral nutrition. ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Carbohydrates","volume":"37","author":"Mesotten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","article-title":"Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function","volume":"36","author":"Mergenthaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20440","article-title":"Hypoglycemia, brain energetics, and hypoglycemic neuronal death","volume":"55","author":"Suh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.11.001","article-title":"Revisiting How the Brain Senses Glucose-And Why","volume":"29","author":"Bentsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2056","article-title":"Glucokinase is the likely mediator of glucosensing in both glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited central neurons","volume":"51","author":"Dunn-Meynell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9384(02)00761-8","article-title":"Glucose-sensing neurons: are they physiologically relevant","volume":"76","author":"Routh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00469.2017","article-title":"Remote control of glucose-sensing neurons to analyze glucose metabolism","volume":"315","author":"Alvarsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2000.3976","article-title":"Fluctuations in brain glucose concentration during behavioral testing: dissociations between brain areas and between brain and blood","volume":"75","author":"McNay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22738","article-title":"GLUT-1 glucose transporters in the blood-brain barrier: differential phosphorylation","volume":"89","author":"Devraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18550.x","article-title":"Facilitative glucose transporters","volume":"219","author":"Mueckler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00875","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Neuronal Glucose Detection","volume":"8","author":"Fioramonti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95913","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.95913","article-title":"Blunted rise in brain glucose levels during hyperglycemia in adults with obesity and T2DM","volume":"2","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07525","article-title":"Brain metabolism dictates the polarity of astrocyte control over arterioles","volume":"456","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1986.tb03524.x","article-title":"Neurotransmitter glutamate: its clinical importance","volume":"74","author":"Engelsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90323-4","article-title":"Lesions of the glutamatergic cortico-striatal projections in the rat ameliorate hypoglycemic brain damage in the striatum","volume":"58","author":"Wieloch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1998.tb01936.x","article-title":"Role of excitatory aminoacids in neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"40","author":"Aral","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Jpn"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30077","article-title":"Hypoglycemic neuronal death is triggered by glucose reperfusion and activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase","volume":"117","author":"Suh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90329-6","article-title":"Effects of glucose deficiency on glutamate\/aspartate release and excitatory synaptic responses in the hippocampal CA1 area in vitro","volume":"500","author":"Burke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.17.4.699","article-title":"Progress review: hypoglycemic brain damage","volume":"17","author":"Auer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.10.003","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of brain regions to oxidative stress in a non-coma model of insulin-induced hypoglycemia","volume":"165","author":"Haces","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.04.017","article-title":"Zinc release contributes to hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death","volume":"16","author":"Suh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3454-11.2011","article-title":"The neurophysiology and pathology of brain zinc","volume":"31","author":"Sensi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.7990","article-title":"The role of NADPH oxidase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in zinc-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and cell death in cortical culture","volume":"177","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01541-8","article-title":"Zn(2+): a novel ionic mediator of neural injury in brain disease","volume":"21","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-09-03139.2000","article-title":"Zinc-induced cortical neuronal death: contribution of energy failure attributable to loss of NAD(+) and inhibition of glycolysis","volume":"20","author":"Sheline","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1087","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia reduces cerebrovascular reactivity: the role of glycemic variability","volume":"99","author":"Giordani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemia: CT and MR findings","volume":"15","author":"Spar","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Imaging patterns of neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"19","author":"Barkovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.79.2.f145","article-title":"Brain imaging in neonatal hypoglycaemia","volume":"79","author":"Traill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Technetium-99m-HMPAO brain SPECT in neonates with hypoglycemic encephalopathy","volume":"39","author":"Chiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.4.724","article-title":"Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography findings after neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"103","author":"Kinnala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.11.015","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemia and occipital cerebral injury","volume":"148","author":"Filan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2002","article-title":"Occipital lobe injury and cortical visual outcomes after neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"122","author":"Tam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2003.12.008","article-title":"Symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy following neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"31","author":"Caraballo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12045","article-title":"Topography of brain damage in metabolic hypoglycaemia is determined by age at which hypoglycaemia occurred","volume":"55","author":"Gataullina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2822","article-title":"Patterns of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"122","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504909","article-title":"CHYLD Study Group. Neonatal glycemia and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years","volume":"373","author":"McKinlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000492859","article-title":"Neonatal Glycaemia and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"115","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0079","article-title":"Neonatal morbidities and developmental delay in moderately preterm-born children","volume":"130","author":"Kerstjens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20161424","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1424","article-title":"Developmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants With Neonatal Hypoglycemia","volume":"138","author":"Goode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.12.009","article-title":"An emerging evidence base for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia [published correction appears in Early Hum Dev (2017) 108:61]","volume":"104","author":"Harding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1631","article-title":"Association Between Transient Newborn Hypoglycemia and Fourth-Grade Achievement Test Proficiency: A Population-Based Study","volume":"169","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1579","article-title":"Children With Hypoglycemia and Their Later Development (CHYLD) Study Team. Association of Neonatal Glycemia With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 4.5 Years","volume":"171","author":"McKinlay","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.146","article-title":"Hyperglycemia accentuates and ketonemia attenuates hypoglycemia-induced neuronal injury in the developing rat brain","volume":"77","author":"Ennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.624220","article-title":"Higher glycemic variability in very low birth weight newborns is associated with greater early neonatal mortality","volume":"25","author":"Fendler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000456705","article-title":"CHYLD Study Group. Neonatal Hypoglycaemia and Visual Development: A\u00a0Review","volume":"112","author":"Paudel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400906","article-title":"Brain imaging findings in neonatal hypoglycemia: case report and review of 23 cases","volume":"44","author":"Alkalay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.09.011","article-title":"Neurologic outcome in patients with MRI pattern of damage typical for neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"29","author":"Yalnizoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0844-5","article-title":"Contribution of the blood glucose level in perinatal asphyxia","volume":"168","author":"Basu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308733","article-title":"Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are associated with unfavourable outcome in infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: a post hoc analysis of the CoolCap Study","volume":"101","author":"Basu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3423","article-title":"Brain injury patterns in hypoglycemia in neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.041","article-title":"Early Glycemic Profile Is Associated with Brain Injury Patterns on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"203","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12055","article-title":"Neonatal posterior cerebral artery stroke: clinical presentation, MRI findings, and outcome","volume":"55","author":"van der Aa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.051","article-title":"Long duration of hyperglycemia in the first 96 hours of life is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants","volume":"163","author":"Auerbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B87","first-page":"7","article-title":"Impact of early glycemic variability on mortality and neurologic outcome of very low birth weight infants: Data from a continuous glucose monitoring system","volume":"23","author":"Jag\u0142a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Period Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-011-0872-0","article-title":"Punctate white matter lesions in infants: new insights using susceptibility-weighted imaging","volume":"53","author":"Niwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0641-1","article-title":"Clinical impact of neonatal hypoglycemia screening in the well-baby care","volume":"40","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000091948","article-title":"Hypoglycemia in newborn infants: features associated with adverse outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Rozance","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.47.5.831","article-title":"Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants classified by birth weight and gestational age","volume":"47","author":"Lubchenco","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14916.x","article-title":"Early postnatal hypoglycemia in newborn infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"86","author":"Stenninger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.1035","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding","volume":"100","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.029","article-title":"European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015","volume":"95","author":"Wyllie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002155","article-title":"Prophylactic oral dextrose gel for newborn babies at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia: a randomised controlled dosefinding trial (the Pre-hPOD Study)","volume":"13","author":"Hegarty","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(08)70031-2","article-title":"Hypoglycemia and the breastfed neonate","volume":"48","author":"Eidelman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Clinics North Am"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.634305\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T17:06:57Z","timestamp":1671642417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.634305\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.634305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.634305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"article-number":"634305"}}