{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:23:34Z","timestamp":1774319014549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults is due to a reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion by the anterior pituitary gland which leads to a well-known syndrome characterized by decreased cognitive function and quality of life (QoL), decreased bone mineral density (BMD), increased central adiposity with a reduction in lean body mass, decreased exercise tolerance, hyperlipidemia and increased predisposition to atherogenesis. Considering some similar features between aging and GHD, it was thought that the relative GH insufficiency of the elderly person could make an important contribution to the fragility of elderly. GH stimulation tests are able to differentiate GHD in elderly patients (EGHD) from the physiological reduction of GH secretion that occurs with aging. Although there is no evidence that rhGH replacement therapy increases the risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus (DM), reducing insulin sensitivity and inducing cardiac hypertrophy, long-term monitoring is, however, also mandatory in terms of glucose metabolism and cardiovascular measurements. In our experience comparing the impact of seven years of rhGH treatment on metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in GHD patients divided in two groups [adult (AGHD) and elderly (EGHD) GHD patients], effects on body composition are evident especially in AGHD, but not in EGHD patients. The improvements in lipid profile were sustained in all groups of patients, and they had a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia than the general population. The effects on glucose metabolism were conflicting, but approximately unchanged. The risk of DM type 2 is, however, probably increased in obese GHD adults with impaired glucose homeostasis at baseline, but the prevalence of DM in GHD is like that of the general population. The increases in glucose levels, BMI, and SBP in GHD negatively affected the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in the long term, especially in AGHD patients. Our results are in accordance to other long-term studies in which the effects on body composition and lipid profile are prominent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.635983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T09:13:58Z","timestamp":1614244438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Impact of Long-Term Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Parameters in Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: Comparison Between Adult and Elderly Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Scarano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Somma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Arianna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiammetta","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elea","family":"Di Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"de Alteriis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Di Somma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02347.x","article-title":"The growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults","volume":"37","author":"Cuneo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-16-1-63","article-title":"Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"16","author":"De Boer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.2.4594","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: A Review","volume":"83","author":"Carroll","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01275.x","article-title":"Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; 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