{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:11:39Z","timestamp":1793059899657,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013365","name":"West China Hospital, Sichuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is easily misdiagnosed as other adrenal masses, such as adrenocortical carcinoma and pheochromocytoma, but patients with PAL benefit little from surgery. The diagnostic method for PAL thus far is limited to adrenal biopsy. In our study, we aimed to develop a quick and efficient diagnostic method for PAL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the same institution, 505 patients (between 2009 and 2019) and 171 patients (between 2019 and 2020) were separately included in the primary and validation studies. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and radiological characteristics. Four determinants (age, bilateral masses, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase) were selected and further incorporated into a regression model to screen PAL. Accordingly, the nomogram was developed for clinical practice. In the primary study, the nomogram showed good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 95.4% (95% CI, 90.6%\u2013100.0%). Further validation study verified the efficacy of the nomogram, with an AUC of 99.0% (95% CI, 96.9%\u2013100.00%) and 100.0% in all patients and patients with bilateral masses, respectively, and a sensitivity\/specificity\/positive predictive value (PPV)\/negative predictive value (NPV) of 66.67%\/99.40%\/66.67%\/99.40%, 66.67%\/100%\/100%\/92.86%, 50%\/99.20%\/50%\/99.20%, and 100%\/100%\/100%\/100%, in all patients, patients with bilateral adrenal masses, patients with nonfunctional adrenal masses, and patients with positive catecholamine results, respectively. The validation study also revealed a diagnostic specificity of 99.35% and 100% for patients with a unilateral adrenal mass and functional PCC, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presented nomogram is the first user-friendly diagnostic model for PAL that simplifies the complex diagnostic process into personalized numeric estimates. We deem that patients who score below 50 are less likely to have PAL. We suggest that clinicians should arrange adrenal biopsy and surgery for patients with nonfunctional tumors and overt catecholamine-secreting tumors, respectively, who receive a score of 50 points or higher to confirm the diagnosis as soon as possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.636658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1617337112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Diagnostic Model for Primary Adrenal 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