{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:39:18Z","timestamp":1792643958147,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In acromegaly, chronic exposure to impaired GH and IGF-I levels leads to the development of typical acromegaly symptoms, and multiple systemic complications as cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, endocrine, and bone disorders. Acromegaly comorbidities contribute to decreased life quality and premature mortality. The aim of our study was to assess the frequency of acromegaly complications and to evaluate diagnostic methods performed toward recognition of them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was a retrospective study and we analyzed data of 179 patients hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy in Wroclaw Medical University (Poland) in 1976 to 2018 to create a database for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study group comprised of 119 women (66%) and 60 men (34%). The median age of acromegaly diagnosis was 50.5 years old for women (age range 20\u201378) and 46 for men (range 24\u201376). Metabolic disorders (hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and prediabetes) were the most frequently diagnosed complications in our study, followed by cardiovascular diseases and endocrine disorders (goiter, pituitary insufficiency, osteoporosis). BP measurement, ECG, lipid profile, fasting glucose or OGTT were performed the most often, while colonoscopy and echocardiogram were the least frequent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our population we observed female predominance. We revealed a decrease in the number of patients with active acromegaly and an increase in the number of well-controlled patients. More than 50% of patients demonstrated a coexistence of cardiac, metabolic and endocrine disturbances and only 5% of patients did not suffer from any disease from those main groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.642131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T16:29:36Z","timestamp":1615912176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Complications and Comorbidities of Acromegaly\u2014Retrospective Study in Polish Center"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jawiarczyk-Przyby\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jowita","family":"Halupczok-\u017by\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogumil M.","family":"Konopka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"B\u0142oniecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Bolanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0058-5","article-title":"A Consensus Statement on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Melmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0725-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis and management of acromegaly: a focus on comorbidities","volume":"19","author":"Abreu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349164","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications","volume":"26","author":"Giustina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0797-7","article-title":"Complications of acromegaly: cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic comorbidities","volume":"20","author":"Pivonello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0033","article-title":"Mortality in patients with pituitary disease","volume":"31","author":"Sherlock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-16-0106","article-title":"Mortality in acromegaly: A 20-year follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"Ritvonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000193","article-title":"Determinants of morbidities and mortality in acromegaly","volume":"63","author":"Kasuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00115","article-title":"Systemic complications of acromegaly and the impact of the current treatment landscape: an update","volume":"40","author":"Gadelha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00040","article-title":"Predictors of quality of life in acromegaly: No consensus on biochemical parameters","volume":"8","author":"Geraedts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00899","article-title":"Importance of illness acceptance among other factors affecting quality of life in acromegaly","volume":"10","author":"Jawiarczyk-Przyby\u0142owska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.05.007","article-title":"Correlations of clinical parameters with quality of life in patients with acromegaly: Taiwan Acromegaly Registry","volume":"118","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1460","article-title":"Vertebral fractures in patients with acromegaly: A 3-year prospective study","volume":"98","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0420-x","article-title":"A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications","volume":"16","author":"Melmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz096","article-title":"A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities: An update","volume":"105","author":"Giustina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2700","article-title":"Acromegaly: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"99","author":"Katznelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-014-9161-z","article-title":"Ward\u2019s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method: which algorithms implement Ward\u2019s criterion","volume":"31","author":"Murtagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Classif"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2020.0050","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of presurgical treatment with long- acting octreotide (Sandostatin\u00ae LAR\u00ae) in patients with acromegaly","volume":"71","author":"Bolanowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00147","article-title":"New epidemiological, clinical and economic data for patients with acromegaly in Bulgaria","volume":"8","author":"Kamusheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0253","article-title":"Acromegaly at diagnosis in 3173 patients from the Li\u00e8ge Acromegaly Survey (LAS) Database","volume":"24","author":"Petrossians","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0084","article-title":"Predictors of morbidity and mortality in acromegaly: an Italian survey","volume":"167","author":"Arosio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-1064","article-title":"Changes in the management and comorbidities of acromegaly over three decades: the French Acromegaly Registry","volume":"176","author":"Maione","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2012.09.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of acromegaly in Spain","volume":"60","author":"Sesmilo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0602","article-title":"Long-term outcome in patients with acromegaly: analysis of 1344 patients from the German Acromegaly Register","volume":"168","author":"Sch\u00f6fl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.3.FOCUS2080","article-title":"Impact of tumor characteristics and pre- and postoperative hormone levels on hormonal remission following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery in patients with acromegaly","volume":"48","author":"Cardinal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-107245","article-title":"3D volumetric measurements of GH secreting adenomas correlate with baseline pituitary function, initial surgery success rate, and disease control","volume":"49","author":"Tirosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-97","article-title":"Clinical experiences and success rates of acromegaly treatment: the single center results of 62 patients","volume":"14","author":"Evran","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS14496","article-title":"Percent reduction of growth hormone levels correlates closely with percent resected tumor volume in acromegaly","volume":"122","author":"Schwyzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1191-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidities in acromegaly: an update on their diagnosis and management","volume":"55","author":"Ramos-Lev\u00ed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0327-6","article-title":"GH and the cardiovascular system: an update on a topic at heart","volume":"48","author":"Isgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0506-0","article-title":"Treatments, complications, and healthcare utilization associated with acromegaly: a study in two large United States databases","volume":"17","author":"Broder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.72423","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the adult Polish population \u2013 Multi-center National Population Health Examination Surveys \u2013 WOBASZ studies","volume":"14","author":"Niklas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-13-2-64","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in acromegaly","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0838-7","article-title":"Diabetes in patients with acromegaly","volume":"17","author":"Hannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000486001","article-title":"Metabolic complications of acromegaly","volume":"49","author":"Mercado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0600-9649","article-title":"Cardivascular risk profile in patients with diabetes and acromegaly or Cushing\u2019s disease - Analysis from the DPV database","volume":"128","author":"Warncke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0022","article-title":"Systemic complications of acromegaly: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"25","author":"Colao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0027","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects","volume":"30","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1690-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of long-acting pasireotide in patients with somatostatin-resistant acromegaly: a multicenter study","volume":"62","author":"Shimon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0744-z","article-title":"Complications of acromegaly: thyroid and colon","volume":"20","author":"Tirosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Thyroid Nodules in Patients with Acromegaly","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343997","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly: Results of an Italian multi-center study","volume":"25","author":"Gasperi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000247","article-title":"Thyroid gland changes in patients with acromegaly","volume":"64","author":"Natchev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88787","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088787","article-title":"Risk of thyroid nodular disease and thyroid cancer in patients with acromegaly - Meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Wolinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0358","article-title":"AcroBel - the Belgian registry on acromegaly: a survey of the \u2018real-life\u2019 outcome in 418 acromegalic subjects","volume":"157","author":"Bex","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"37","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients","volume":"8","author":"Padova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00005","article-title":"Pituitary diseases and bone","volume":"39","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3344-2","article-title":"Trabecular bone score as a skeletal fragility index in acromegaly patients","volume":"27","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00643","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with activity of acromegaly, vitamin D status and risk of osteoporotic fractures in acromegaly patients","volume":"10","author":"Jawiarczyk-Przyby\u0142owska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2018.0093","article-title":"Diagnostics and treatment of acromegaly \u2014 updated recommendations of the Polish Society of Endocrinology","volume":"70","author":"Bolanowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.642131\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T16:29:40Z","timestamp":1615912180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.642131\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.642131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.642131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"article-number":"642131"}}