{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:33:07Z","timestamp":1791232387344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence on new-onset endocrine dysfunction and identifying whether the degree of this dysfunction is associated with the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19 is scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive patients enrolled at PGIMER Chandigarh were stratified on the basis of disease severity as group I (moderate-to-severe disease including oxygen saturation &amp;lt;94% on room air or those with comorbidities) (n= 35) and group II (mild disease, with oxygen saturation &amp;gt;94% and without comorbidities) (n=49). Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal, thyroid, gonadal axes, and lactotroph function were evaluated. Inflammatory and cell-injury markers were also analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients in group I had higher prevalence of hypocortisolism (38.5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 6.8%, p=0.012), lower ACTH (16.3 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 32.1pg\/ml, p=0.234) and DHEAS (86.29 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 117.8\u00b5g\/dl, p= 0.086) as compared to group II. Low T3 syndrome was a universal finding, irrespective of disease severity. Sick euthyroid syndrome (apart from low T3 syndrome) (80.9 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 73.1%, p= 0.046) and atypical thyroiditis (low T3, high T4, low or normal TSH) (14.3 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 2.4%, p= 0.046) were more frequent in group I than group II. Male hypogonadism was also more prevalent in group I (75.6% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 20.6%, p=0.006) than group II, with higher prevalence of both secondary (56.8 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 15.3%, p=0.006) and primary (18.8 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 5.3%, p=0.006) hypogonadism. Hyperprolactinemia was observed in 42.4% of patients without significant difference between both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19 can involve multiple endocrine organs and axes, with a greater prevalence and degree of endocrine dysfunction in those with more severe disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.645787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T08:42:43Z","timestamp":1625215363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Spectrum of Endocrine Dysfunction and Association With Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19: Insights From a Cross-Sectional, Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liza","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinaki","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soham","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goverdhan Dutt","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakun","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyam Singh","family":"Jayant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanhaiya","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naresh","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashu","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Bhadada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sant","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Bhansali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30238-2","article-title":"COVID-19 in People With Diabetes: Understanding the Reasons for Worse Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Apicella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000547","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01227-2020","article-title":"Comorbidity and its Impact on 1590 Patients With Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22818","article-title":"Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality","volume":"28","author":"Dietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0353-9","article-title":"Endocrine and Metabolic Link to Coronavirus Infection","volume":"16","author":"Bornstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa148","article-title":"Our Response to COVID-19 as Endocrinologists and Diabetologists","volume":"105","author":"Kaiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02294-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and Endocrine Diseases. 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