{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:51:25Z","timestamp":1792900285434,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI135293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI135293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune system and the neuroendocrine system share many common features. Both consist of diverse components consisting of receptors and networks that are widely distributed throughout the body, and both sense and react to external stimuli which, on the one hand control mechanisms of immunity, and on the other hand control and regulate growth, development, and metabolism. It is thus not surprising, therefore, that the immune system and the neuroendocrine system communicate extensively. This article will focus on bi-directional immune-endocrine interactions with particular emphasis on the hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. New findings will be discussed demonstrating the direct process through which the immune system-derived thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid hormone synthesis and bone metamorphosis, particularly in the context of a novel splice variant of TSH\u03b2 made by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Also presented are the ways whereby the TSH\u03b2 splice variant may be a contributing factor in the development and\/or perpetuation of autoimmune thyroid disease (AIT), and how systemic infection may elicit immune-endocrine responses. The relationship between non-HPT hormones, in particular adipose hormones, and immunity is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.655982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T11:37:45Z","timestamp":1616413065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Dynamic Interactions Between the Immune System and the Neuroendocrine System in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01441.x","article-title":"The immune system as the sixth sense","volume":"257","author":"Blalock","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.277.5.G922","article-title":"Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut. 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