{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:43:31Z","timestamp":1776437011701,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>While soy is suggested as a possible risk factor, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has a likely protective effect in precocious puberty. Our aim was to evaluate the association between both of these variables with central precocious puberty (CPP)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective, case-control study. A total of 161 girls were divided into two groups: 84 patients diagnosed with CPP composed the case group and 77 patients without the diagnosis of CPP (had gone through normal onset of puberty) were the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our control group had a higher presence of EBF &amp;gt;6 months, which was an important protective factor for CPP (OR: 0.5; IC 95%: 0.3\u20130.9, p = 0.05) and also correlated negatively with the presence of it (r = \u22120.2; p &amp;lt; 0.05). Oppositely, the use of soy was significantly higher in the CPP group, (OR: 3.8; IC 95%: 1.5\u20136, p &amp;lt; 0.05) and positively correlating (r = 0.2; p &amp;lt; 0.01) with the presence of CPP. Duration of soy intake (years) correlated with bone age (r = 0.415; p &amp;lt; 0.05). A logistic regression was performed to evaluate the effects of EBF duration and soy on CPP. The model was significant (x\u00b2 (2) = 20,715, p = &amp;lt;0.001) and explained 12.2% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance, correctly classifying 62.5% of cases. EBF was associated with a reduction of likelihood of having CPP [OR = 0,187 (CI = 0.055\u20130,635); Wald = 7,222, p = 0.007], while soy intake increased the risk [OR = 3.505 (CI) = 1,688\u20137,279, Wald = 11,319, p = 0.001].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data found the use of soy was associated with CPP. Additionally, EBF was pointed as a protective factor. However, future prospective studies are needed to clarify this issue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.667029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T08:24:26Z","timestamp":1625473466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of Soy and Exclusive Breastfeeding With Central Precocious Puberty: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Soares","family":"Fel\u00edcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Leite","family":"de Alc\u00e2ntara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa Corr\u00eaa","family":"Jana\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena Vilhena","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Clara Neres Iunes","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela Nascimento","family":"de Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norberto Jorge Kzan","family":"de Souza Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Fel\u00edcio Abrah\u00e3o","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanderson Maia","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00cdcaro Jos\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nivin Mazen","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Nascimento","family":"de Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovana Miranda","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Salim","family":"Khayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ndrea Kely Campos Ribeiro dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e9rcia Neves Marques","family":"de Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Contente Braga","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Costa dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franciane Trindade Cunha","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Paulo Freire","family":"Piani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karem Mil\u00e9o","family":"Fel\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00380-0","article-title":"Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty","volume-title":"The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology","author":"Latronico","year":"2016"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20190322-01","article-title":"Puberty: Onset and Progression","volume":"48","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management","volume":"96","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v1i4.3","article-title":"Precocious Puberty and Normal Variant Puberty: Definition, Etiology, Diagnosis and Current Management - 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