{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:51:51Z","timestamp":1790718711912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in dysregulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; the underlying cellular and physiological mechanisms remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a circulating protein primarily secreted by the liver that lowers blood glucose levels, corrects abnormal lipid profiles, and mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FGF21 acts\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    activating FGF receptor 1 and \u00df-klotho in adipose tissue and stimulating release of adiponectin from adipose tissue which in turn signals in the liver and skeletal muscle. We examined FGF21\/adiponectin signaling after spinal cord transection in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) or a standard mouse chow. Tissues were collected at 84 days after spinal cord transection or a sham SCI surgery. SCI reduced serum FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression, as well as \u03b2-klotho and FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) mRNA expression in adipose tissue. SCI also reduced serum levels and adipose tissue mRNA expression of adiponectin and leptin, two major adipokines. In addition, SCI suppressed hepatic type 2 adiponectin receptor (AdipoR2) mRNA expression and PPAR\u03b1 activation in the liver. Post-SCI mice fed a HFD had further suppression of serum FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression. Elevated serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels after HFD feeding were observed in post-SCI mice but not in sham-mice, suggesting defective FFA uptake after SCI. Moreover, after SCI several genes that are implicated in insulin\u2019s action had reduced expression in tissues of interest. These findings suggest that downregulated FGF21\/adiponectin signaling and impaired responsiveness of adipose tissues to FGF21 may, at least in part, contribute to the overall picture of metabolic dysfunction after SCI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.668984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T09:56:29Z","timestamp":1620726989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spinal Cord Injury Reduces Serum Levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 and Impairs Its Signaling Pathways in Liver and Adipose Tissue in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xin-Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangping","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Azulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Yarrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826137753.0020","article-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism of Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. Chapter 20","volume-title":"Spinal Cord Med","author":"Bauman","year":"2018"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2001","article-title":"Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Chronic SCI","volume":"24","author":"Bauman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101790","article-title":"Body Mass Index in SCI - a Retrospective Study","volume":"44","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1204-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Obesity After SCI","volume":"12","author":"Gorgey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245","article-title":"Effects of SCI on Body Composition and Metabolic Profile-Part I","volume":"37","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.24","article-title":"Chronic Complications of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Sezer","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.01.011","article-title":"A Preliminary Report on the Effects of the Levels of SCI on the Association Between Central Adiposity and Metabolic Profile","volume":"3","author":"Gorgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0b013e31802b8937","article-title":"Prevalence of Obesity and High Blood Pressure in Veterans With SCI and Disorders","volume":"86","author":"Weaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.031","article-title":"A Guideline-Driven Assessment of Need for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Intervention in Persons With Chronic Paraplegia","volume":"88","author":"Nash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0736-y","article-title":"Multiple Organ Dysfunction and Systemic Inflammation After Spinal Cord Injury: A Complex Relationship","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3497","article-title":"SCI Causes Chronic Liver Pathology in Rats","volume":"32","author":"Sauerbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753887","article-title":"Diabetes in Individuals With SCI or Disorders","volume":"29","author":"Lavela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2004.01.0101","article-title":"Lack of Justification for Routine Abdominal Ultrasonography in Patients With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"41","author":"Sipski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.5.927","article-title":"Abdominal Ultrasonography Findings in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury in Korea","volume":"21","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i10.2578","article-title":"Spinal Cord Involvement in Patients With Cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Nardone","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.07.008","article-title":"Prevalence of Testosterone Deficiency After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"3","author":"Durga","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00016","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men","volume":"38","author":"Staiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.206","article-title":"FGF21 and Metabolic Disease in 2016: A New Frontier in FGF21 Biology","volume":"13","author":"Potthoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.01.006","article-title":"FGF21 Lowers Plasma TG by Accelerating Lipoprotein Catabolism in White and Brown Adipose Tissues","volume":"23","author":"Schlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.03.001","article-title":"FGF21-Based Pharmacotherapy \u2013 Potential Utility for Metabolic Disorders","volume":"25","author":"Gimeno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.02.001","article-title":"A Long-Acting FGF21 Molecular, PF-05231023, Decreases Body Weight and Improves Lipid Profile in Non-Human Primates and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects","volume":"23","author":"Talukdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.09.007","article-title":"FGF21 Revolutions: Recent Advances Illuminating FGF21 Biology and Medicinal Properties","volume":"26","author":"Kharitonenkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.08.014","article-title":"FGF21 Mimetics Shows Therapeutic Promise","volume":"18","author":"Reitman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23606","article-title":"FGF21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator","volume":"115","author":"Kharitonenkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.05.006","article-title":"Fatty Liver and FGF21 Physiology","volume":"360","author":"Maratos-Flier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0281","article-title":"Integrated Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism by FGF21 In Vivo","volume":"152","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00147.","article-title":"Research Perspective on the Regulation and Physiological Function of FGF21 and Its Association With NAFLD","volume":"6","author":"Inagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3019","article-title":"FGF21 Protects Against Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice","volume":"4","author":"Planavila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0433-5","article-title":"Recombinant Murine FGF21 Ameliorates Obesity-Related Inflammation in MSG-Induced Obesity Rats","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310798","article-title":"Liver PPAR\u03b1 is Crucial for Whole-Body Fatty Acid Homeostasis and is Protective Against NAFLD","volume":"65","author":"Montagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.08.002","article-title":"\u03b2-Klotho is Required for FGF21 Effects on Growth and Metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbcM704165200","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Expression of \u03b2-Klotho and FGF Receptor Isoforms Determines Metabolic Activity of FGF19 and FGF21","volume":"282","author":"Kurosu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040164","article-title":"FGF21 Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis Via White Adipose and Leptin in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Veniant","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02677-9","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Increases Insulin Sensitivity Through Specific Expansion of Subcutaneous Fat","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.04.005","article-title":"Adiponectin Mediates the Metabolic Effects of FGF21 on Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjw013","article-title":"The FGF21-Adiponectin Axis in Controlling Energy and Vascular Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Hui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01705","article-title":"Cloning of Adiponectin Receptors That Mediate Antidiabetic Metabolic Effects","volume":"423","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000443070","article-title":"Leptin as a Potential Regulator of FGF21","volume":"38","author":"Asrih","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c37d","article-title":"Sarcopenia Obesity\u2013Definition, Etiology and Consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stenholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001166","article-title":"Caloric Intake Relative to Total Daily Energy Expenditure Using a Spinal Cord Injury - Specific Correction Factor: an Analysis by Level of Injury","volume-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","author":"Farkas","year":"2019"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0218-4","article-title":"Nutritional Status in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1903-229","article-title":"Calorie and Protein Intake in Acute Rehabilitation Inpatients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Versus Other Diagnoses","volume":"19","author":"Pellicane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.08.153","article-title":"Baseline Dietary Intake of Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury Who are Overweight or Obese","volume":"119","author":"Silveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2020.0014","article-title":"Effects of a High-Fat Diet on Tissue Mass, Bone, and Glucose Tolerance After Chronic Complete Spinal Cord Transection in Male Mice","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.478487","article-title":"Androgens Upregulate Transcription of the Notch Inhibitor Numb in C2C12 Myoblasts Via Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling to T Cell Factor Elements in the Numb Promoter","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0595","article-title":"Circulating FGF21 is Liver Derived and Enhances Glucose Uptake During Refeeding and Overfeeding","volume":"63","author":"Markan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5062019","article-title":"Body Fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.02.007","article-title":"Adiponectin and Its Isoforms in Pathophysiology","volume":"85","author":"van Andel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.2.8033830","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Gamma: Adipose-Predominant Expression and Induction Early in Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"135","author":"Chawla","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247ra103","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008490","article-title":"ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 are Cell Surface Markers of White, Beige, and Brown Adipocytes","volume":"6","author":"Ussar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.233","article-title":"Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Adiponectin and Receptors in the Integrated Regulation of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.12.019","article-title":"The Role and Regulation of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR\u03b1) in Human Liver","volume":"136","author":"Kersten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.036780","article-title":"Modulation of Receptor Phosphorylation Contributes to Activation of PPAR\u03b1 by Dehydro-Epiandrosterone and Other Peroxisome Proliferators","volume":"73","author":"Tamasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.003","article-title":"Endocrine Regulation of the Fasting Response by PPAR\u03b1-Mediated Induction of FGF21","volume":"5","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00071.2002","article-title":"Phosphorylation-Activity Relationships of AMPK and Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase in Muscle","volume":"92","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1318","article-title":"Levels of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) are Associated With Insulin Resistance But Do Not Explain the Relationship Between Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Hispanic Americans: The IRAS Family Study","volume":"97","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4137\/CMCS17067","article-title":"FABP4: Pathophysiological Insights and Potent Clinical Biomarker of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"8","author":"Furuhashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Cardiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.04.023","article-title":"The Paradox of Chronic Neuroinflammation, Systemic Immune Suppression, Autoimmunity After Traumatic Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"258","author":"Schwab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmety.2019.01.004","article-title":"A Dozen Years of Discovery: Insights Into the Physiology and Pharmacology of FGF21","volume":"29","author":"Kliewer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.002","article-title":"Hepatic FGF21 is Regulated by PPAR\u03b1 and is a Key Mediator of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ketotic States","volume":"5","author":"Badman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2216-y","article-title":"Hepatokines - a Novel Group of Exercise Factors","volume":"471","author":"Weigert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00456.2016","article-title":"FGF21 is Required for Beneficial Effects of Exercise in HF Feeding","volume":"121","author":"Loyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0193","article-title":"Obesity is a Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21)-Resistant State","volume":"59","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90774.2008","article-title":"Adiponectin Resistance Precedes the Accumulation of Skeletal Muscle Lipid and Insulin Resistance in High-Fat-Fed Rats","volume":"296","author":"Mullen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-0471-8","article-title":"Longitudinal Examination of Bone Loss in Male Rats After Moderate-Severe Contusion Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"104","author":"Otzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.04.005","article-title":"New Insights Into the Regulation of Leptin Gene Expression","volume":"29","author":"M\u00fcnzberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3458","article-title":"Free Fatty Acids Produce Insulin Resistance and Activate the Proinflammatory Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Pathway in Rat Liver","volume":"54","author":"Boden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118742","article-title":"Mechanism of Free Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Humans","volume":"97","author":"Roden","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-5-3-17071","article-title":"The Human Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Family: Evolutionary Divergence and Function","volume":"5","author":"Smathers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.122","article-title":"Metabolic Functions of FABPs \u2013 Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"11","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081318.","article-title":"Circulating Levels of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Family and Metabolic Phenotype in the General Population","volume":"8","author":"Ishimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1064","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"27","author":"Inskip","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5771","article-title":"Dietary Green Tea Extract Prior to Spinal Cord Injury Prevents Hepatic Iron Overload But Does Not Improve Chronic Hepatic and Spinal Cord Pathology in Rats","volume":"35","author":"Goodus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2005.11753827","article-title":"Evidence for an Exaggerated Postprandial Lipemia in Chronic Paraplegia","volume":"28","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.417014","article-title":"Kuppfer Cells Trigger Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Development in Diet-Induced Mouse Model Through Tumor Necrosis Factor-a Production","volume":"287","author":"Tosello-Trampont","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.012","article-title":"What We Talk About When We Talk About Fat","volume":"156","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000471488","article-title":"The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function","volume":"10","author":"Goossens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.02.007","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury on Body Weight and Body Composition in Rats Fed a Standard Chow Diet","volume":"293","author":"Primeaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E15-10-0749","article-title":"Cell Biology of Fat Storage","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.062","article-title":"FGF21 Regulates PPAR\u03b3 Activity and the Antidiabetic Actions of Thiazolidinediones","volume":"148","author":"Dutchak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.668984\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T09:56:39Z","timestamp":1620726999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.668984\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.668984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.668984","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.03.04.433932","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"article-number":"668984"}}