{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:00:38Z","timestamp":1790676038842,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated postprandial glycaemia [PPG] increases the risk of cardiometabolic complications in insulin-resistant, centrally obese individuals. Therefore, strategies that improve PPG are of importance for this population. Consuming large doses of whey protein [WP] before meals reduces PPG by delaying gastric emptying and stimulating the secretion of the incretin peptides, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP] and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1]. It is unclear if these effects are observed after smaller amounts of WP and what impact central adiposity has on these gastrointestinal processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a randomised-crossover design, 12 lean and 12 centrally obese adult males performed two 240\u00a0min mixed-meal tests, ~5\u201310 d apart. After an overnight fast, participants consumed a novel, ready-to-drink WP shot (15\u00a0g) or volume-matched water (100\u00a0ml; PLA) 10\u00a0min before a mixed-nutrient meal. Gastric emptying was estimated by oral acetaminophen absorbance. Interval blood samples were collected to measure glucose, insulin, GIP, GLP-1, and acetaminophen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>WP reduced PPG area under the curve [AUC<jats:sub>0\u201360<\/jats:sub>] by 13 and 18.2% in the centrally obese and lean cohorts, respectively (both p &amp;lt;0.001). In both groups, the reduction in PPG was accompanied by a two-three-fold increase in GLP-1 and delayed gastric emptying. Despite similar GLP-1 responses during PLA, GLP-1 secretion during the WP trial was ~27% lower in centrally obese individuals compared to lean (p = 0.001). In lean participants, WP increased the GLP-1<jats:sub>ACTIVE\/TOTAL<\/jats:sub> ratio comparative to PLA (p = 0.004), indicative of reduced GLP-1 degradation. Conversely, no treatment effects for GLP-1<jats:sub>ACTIVE\/TOTAL<\/jats:sub> were seen in obese subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre-meal ingestion of a novel, ready-to-drink WP shot containing just 15\u00a0g of dietary protein reduced PPG in lean and centrally obese males. However, an attenuated GLP-1 response to mealtime WP and increased incretin degradation might impact the efficacy of nutritional strategies utilising the actions of GLP-1 to regulate PPG in centrally obese populations. Whether these defects are caused by an individual\u2019s insulin resistance, their obese state, or other obesity-related ailments needs further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ISRCTN.com, identifier [ISRCTN95281775]. <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/<\/jats:uri>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.696977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T16:07:38Z","timestamp":1624032458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Postprandial Glycaemic and Hormonal Responses Following the Ingestion of a Novel, Ready-to-Drink Shot Containing a Low Dose of Whey Protein in Centrally Obese and Lean Adult Males: A Randomised Controlled 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