{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:57:11Z","timestamp":1793678231439,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. It often causes symmetrical paresthesia, loss of sensation, and hyperalgesia. Without early intervention, it might lead to diabetic foot ulceration, gangrene, and subsequent amputation in people with diabetes. DPN is an insidious disease and often underdiagnosed. This paper reviews the current national and international prevalence of DPN, screening methods for early DPN, including quantitative sensory measurement, neurological function scoring system, confocal microscopy, and high-frequency ultrasound, and summarizes the related research progress, clinical application, and development prospects of these methods in recent years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.719356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T06:41:27Z","timestamp":1635230487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Gold Standard for Diagnosis of DPN"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yongchun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and Regional Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2019 and Projections for 2030 and 2045: Results From the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th Edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Diabetes for 2011 and 2030","volume":"94","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathies: Update on Definitions, Diagnostic Criteria, Estimation of Severity, and Treatments","volume":"33","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0295-y","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathy and Gait: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0181-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Pain in Small-Fiber Neuropathy","volume":"15","author":"Hovaguimian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002040","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002040","article-title":"Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy in Pre-Diabetes: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Kirthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190502103733","article-title":"Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Faselis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"New Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Gen Pract"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Chinese Communities","volume":"40","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3201","article-title":"SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. 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