{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:20:04Z","timestamp":1781112004316,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite advancements of intraoperative visualization, the difficulty to visually distinguish adenoma from adjacent pituitary gland due to textural similarities may lead to incomplete adenoma resection or impairment of pituitary function. The aim of this study was to investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in combination with a convolutional neural network (CNN) for objectively identify pituitary adenoma tissue in an <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective study was conducted to train and test a CNN algorithm to identify pituitary adenoma tissue in OCT images of adenoma and adjacent pituitary gland samples. From each sample, 500 slices of adjacent cross-sectional OCT images were used for CNN classification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>OCT data acquisition was feasible in 19\/20 (95%) patients. The 16.000 OCT slices of 16\/19 of cases were employed for creating a trained CNN algorithm (70% for training, 15% for validating the classifier). Thereafter, the classifier was tested on the paired samples of three patients (3.000 slices). The CNN correctly predicted adenoma in the 3 adenoma samples (98%, 100% and 84% respectively), and correctly predicted gland and transition zone in the 3 samples from the adjacent pituitary gland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trained convolutional neural network computing has the potential for fast and objective identification of pituitary adenoma tissue in OCT images with high sensitivity <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. However, further investigation with larger number of samples is required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.730100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T18:23:54Z","timestamp":1634754234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnosis of Pituitary Adenoma Biopsies by Ultrahigh Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Using Neuronal 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