{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:03:47Z","timestamp":1791684227277,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CORPG3C0171~3C0172, CZRPG3C0053, CORPG3G0021, CORPG3G0022, CORPG3G0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG3C0171~3C0172, CZRPG3C0053, CORPG3G0021, CORPG3G0022, CORPG3G0023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) include diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and metabolic syndrome, which are health conditions related to obesity. We aimed to investigate which of the three obesity indices has the strongest association with CKD and to explore whether there are gender differences in these relationships in the middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross-sectional, community-based study. It included 400 residents (141 males and 259 females, age 50\u201390 years) residing in a community in northern Taiwan. Each participant was asked to fill a questionnaire that collected personal information, medical history, medication use, and anthropometric measurements. The laboratory data were obtained by testing the blood and urine samples. The baseline characteristics were compared, and the obesity indices included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and visceral adiposity index (VAI). CKD was defined as the presence of renal dysfunction (urine albumin-creatinine ratio \u2265 30 mg\/g) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &amp;lt; 60 mL\/min\/1.73m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. We used a multiple logistic regression model to evaluate the association between each obesity index and CKD for both genders. Further, we used the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) to examine the best obesity indices to predict CKD in different genders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average age of the subjects was 64.47 \u00b1 8.45 years, and men were significantly older. CKD was found in 31 (22.0%) males and 50 (19.3%) females. In men, there was no significant difference between the CKD and non-CKD groups among the three obesity indices. However, in women, only VAI was significantly higher in subjects with CKD (1.9 [1.1, 3.4]) than in subjects without CKD (1.5 [1.0, 2.2]) (p-value = 0.03). The multivariate logistic regression revealed that even after adjusting for possible confounding factors, VAI was found to be an independent risk factor for CKD in women (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.69, p = 0.02), but not in men (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 0.85-1.69, p = 0.30). The AUC of VAI had a significant ability to predict CKD in women but not in men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed that among the three obesity indices, VAI had the strongest association with CKD compared to BMI and WC in women. In addition, VAI in women should be given more importance in the screening for CKD among the middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.737586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T10:57:19Z","timestamp":1639393039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gender Differences in the Association Between Obesity Indices and Chronic Kidney Disease Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Taiwanese Population: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"I-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le-Tien","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Ting","family":"Tsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jau-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults During 1980\u20132013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.2011.20.2.19","article-title":"Time Trend of Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome and Related Dietary Pattern in Taiwan: From NAHSIT 1993-1996 to NAHSIT 2005-2008","volume":"20","author":"Yeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60952-6","article-title":"All-Cause Mortality Attributable to Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on 462\u2008293 Adults in Taiwan","volume":"371","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn222","article-title":"Increased Risk of Mortality in the Elderly Population With Late-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study in Taiwan","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs469","article-title":"Effectiveness of Multidisciplinary Care for Chronic Kidney Disease in Taiwan: A 3-Year Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010323","article-title":"Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"345","author":"Fored","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-4-200308190-00006","article-title":"Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Role of Blood Pressure Control, Proteinuria, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition. 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