{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:20:50Z","timestamp":1791303650520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Premature\/low-birth-weight infants are at significant risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood, which may be related to the levels of fetal adipokine. Here, we investigated the differences in the levels of umbilical cord blood adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and ghrelin in preterm and term infants and sought to elucidate the link between these hormones and fetal growth. We also evaluated the interrelationship among these metabolic hormones in both groups of newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 149 mother\u2013infant pairs (100 in the preterm group and 49 in the term group) were enrolled in the study. The preterm group was further subdivided according to birth weight (\u22641,500, 1,501\u20132,000, 2,001\u20132,500, and &amp;gt;2,500 g), gestational age (&amp;lt;34 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> \u226534 weeks), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> small for gestational age (SGA). The general condition of the mothers and the growth parameters of the newborns at birth were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The levels of adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin were lower in the preterm group than those in the term group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In the preterm group, the leptin levels of infants with gestational age \u226534 weeks were significantly higher than those of infants with gestational age &amp;lt;34 weeks (mean ln leptin = 0.63 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 0.36 ng\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.009). The levels of adiponectin were lower in the SGA group than those in the AGA group (mean ln adiponectin = 2.26 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 2.84 \u00b5g\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), whereas those of ghrelin displayed the opposite trend (mean ln ghrelin = 6.29 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 5.71 pg\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Leptin was significantly correlated with insulin both in preterm infants with birth weight (BW) &amp;gt;2,000 g and in term infants. Umbilical cord blood leptin was positively correlated with the BW, birth length, and head circumference of newborns (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.460, 0.311, and 0.310, respectively, all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas ghrelin was negatively correlated with the same parameters (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.372, \u22120.415, and \u22120.373, respectively, all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of maturation of adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract by the fetus due to prematurity is associated with changes in the levels of cord blood adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin. The dysregulation of these hormones in preterm infants may be a risk factor for fetal growth and future metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.738964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T18:50:50Z","timestamp":1633027850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Umbilical Cord Blood Adiponectin, Leptin, Insulin, and Ghrelin in Premature Infants and Their Association With Birth 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