{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:41:53Z","timestamp":1791204113202,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014220","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Henan Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the results of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization among polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients using the long-acting long protocol regarding the relationship between menstrual patterns and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>Retrospective cohort study<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>University-affiliated reproductive medical center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The menstrual patterns of patients with PCOS is considered related to metabolism; however, no study has analyzed the outcome of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF\/ICSI) in patients with PCOS who have different menstrual patterns. This study aimed to observe the outcomes of IVF\/ICSI in patients with PCOS with different menstrual patterns who used the long-acting long protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective analysis in the first cycle of IVF\/ICSI at the Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2017 to December 2019. In total, 1834 patients with PCOS were classified into the regular menstruation group (n=214), the oligomenorrhea group (n=1402), and the amenorrhea group (n=218).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PCOS patients who used the long-acting long protocol of IVF\/ICSI had similar clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates despite having different menstrual patterns. The overall incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including abortion, spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), gestational diabetes(GDM), hypertensive disorder inpregnancy (HDP), and premature rupture of membranes(PROM, was significantly higher in the amenorrhea group than in the regular menstrual and oligomenorrhea groups (25.88% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 30.41% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 43.69%; P = 0.013). Additionally, the rates of GDM (2.35% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 6.10% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 13.79%; P=0.015) and macrosomia (5.26% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 10.94% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 18.39%; P=0.026) in the amenorrhea group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups. Correction for confounding factors showed that menstrual patterns are related to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Amenorrhea is an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome (OR [odds ratio]: 2.039, 95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.087-3.822), GDM (OR: 5.023, 95% CI: 1.083\u201323.289), and macrosomia (OR: 4.918, 95% CI: 1.516\u201315.954).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>IVF\/ICSI can achieve similar pregnancy and live birth rates in PCOS patients with different menstrual patterns. However, the overall incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in PCOS patients with amenorrhea is higher than that in patients with regular menstruation or oligomenorrhea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.740377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T08:54:30Z","timestamp":1637225670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association Between Menstrual Patterns and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab004","article-title":"Adipocyte and Steroidogenic Cell Cross-Talk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","author":"de Medeiros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.05.013","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Aging: Health Implications After Menopause","volume":"139","author":"Helvaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.575337","article-title":"In Vitropregnancy Outcomes of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome for the First Fertilization Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study With 7678 Patients","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det262","article-title":"Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women in China: A Large Community-Based Study","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.12.015","article-title":"Menstrual Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Association With Dynamic State Insulin Resistance Rather Than Hyperandrogenism","volume":"115","author":"Ezeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Sterility"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.03.030","article-title":"Does Prolonged Pituitary Down-Regulation With Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Improve the Live-Birth Rate in In Vitro Fertilization Treatment","volume":"102","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Sterility"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2350","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"98","author":"Legro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003891","article-title":"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222","volume":"135","author":"Jimmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology; World Health Organization. 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