{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:18:53Z","timestamp":1791357533801,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Levothyroxine (LT4) is used to treat frequently encountered endocrinopathies such as thyroid diseases. It is regularly used in clinical (overt) hypothyroidism cases and subclinical (latent) hypothyroidism cases in the last decade. Suppressive LT4 therapy is also part of the medical regimen used to manage thyroid malignancies after a thyroidectomy. LT4 treatment possesses dual effects: substituting new-onset thyroid hormone deficiency and suppressing the local and distant malignancy spreading in cancer. It is the practice to administer LT4 in less-than-high suppressive doses for growth control of thyroid nodules and goiter, even in patients with preserved thyroid function. Despite its approved safety for clinical use, LT4 can sometimes induce side-effects, more often recorded with patients under treatment with LT4 suppressive doses than in unintentionally LT4-overdosed patients. Cardiac arrhythmias and the deterioration of osteoporosis are the most frequently documented side-effects of LT4 therapy. It also lowers the threshold for the onset or aggravation of cardiac arrhythmias for patients with pre-existing heart diseases. To improve the quality of life in LT4-substituted patients, clinicians often prescribe higher doses of LT4 to reach low normal TSH levels to achieve cellular euthyroidism. In such circumstances, the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, increases, and the combined use of LT4 and triiodothyronine further complicates such risk. This review summarizes the relevant available data related to LT4 suppressive treatment and the associated risk of cardiac arrhythmia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.758043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T08:43:40Z","timestamp":1636015420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Levothyroxine Treatment and the Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmias \u2013 Focus on the Patient Submitted to Thyroid Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zoran","family":"Gluvic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Obradovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magbubah","family":"Essack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Pitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Samardzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Soskic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Gojobori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esma R.","family":"Isenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.699805","article-title":"Recent Trends in Surgical Approach to Thyroid Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jadpro.2018.9.4.8","article-title":"Obstructive Dysphagia and Positional Dyspnea: Can You Identify the Cause","volume":"9","author":"Dotter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adv Practitioner Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414526845","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy: Tips and Pearls for the Surgical Technique","volume":"123","author":"Kania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2019.12.05","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy (MIVAT)","volume":"9","author":"Miccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Davidson\u2019s Principles and Practice of Medicine","author":"Colledge","year":"2010"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3236828","article-title":"Calcitonin and Bone Physiology: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Investigations","volume":"2020","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"HallJE\n            GuytonAC\n          Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology2011"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/0003","article-title":"The Role of Thyroid Hormones for Brain Development and Cognitive Function","volume":"26","author":"Rovet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Levothyroxine. [Updated 2020 Oct 12]","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Eghtedari","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028753","article-title":"Thyroid Function Within the Normal Range, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"136","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12280.GL","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association","volume":"18","author":"Garber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0028","article-title":"Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement","volume":"24","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0210169","article-title":"Chemistry of Thyroxine: Constitution and Synthesis of Thyroxine","volume":"21","author":"Harington","year":"1927","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01079-1","article-title":"Levothyroxine Formulations: Pharmacological and Clinical Implications of Generic Substitution","volume":"36","author":"Benvenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107137","article-title":"A New Radioimmunoassay for Plasma L-Triiodothyronine: Measurements in Thyroid Disease and in Patients Maintained on Hormonal Replacement","volume":"51","author":"Surks","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107244","article-title":"Determination of Iodothyronine Absorption and Conversion of L-Thyroxine (T 4) to L-Triiodothyronine (T 3) Using Turnover Rate Techniques","volume":"52","author":"Surks","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02006-8","article-title":"Thyroxine and Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Seven Decades of Experience","volume":"66","author":"Mateo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5704.270","article-title":"Combined Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine for Thyroid Replacement Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Taylor","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2010.10k052","article-title":"The Discovery of Thyroid Replacement Therapy. Part 3: A Complete Transformation","volume":"104","author":"Slater","year":"2011","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356507","article-title":"2013 ETA Guideline: Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12824","article-title":"Management of Primary Hypothyroidism: Statement by the British Thyroid Association Executive Committee","volume":"84","author":"Okosieme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2006","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones Treatment for Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"365","author":"Bekkering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Thyroid Disease: Assessment and ManagementNICE Guideline [NG145]2019"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01078-2","article-title":"Levothyroxine Dose Adjustment to Optimise Therapy Throughout a Patient\u2019s Lifetime","volume":"36","author":"Duntas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199615010-00004","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Thyroid Hormone Preparations and Antithyroid Drugs","volume":"15","author":"Bartalena","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07435808809032986","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone and the Gut","volume":"14","author":"Hays","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1991.1.241","article-title":"Localization of Human Thyroxine Absorption","volume":"1","author":"Hays","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-30-6-798","article-title":"Absorption of Oral Thyroxine in Hypothyroid and Normal Man","volume":"30","author":"Read","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1100483","article-title":"The Bioavailability of Thyroxine and 3,5,3\u2019-Triiodothyronine in Normal Subjects and in Hyper- and Hypothyroid Patients","volume":"110","author":"Hasselstr\u00f6m","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1995.5.249","article-title":"Delayed Intestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine","volume":"5","author":"Benvenga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-1-139","article-title":"L-Thyroxine Absorption in Patients With Short Bowel","volume":"59","author":"Stone","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212597","article-title":"Individualised Requirements for Optimum Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Complex Needs, Limited Options","volume":"8","author":"Hoermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106835","article-title":"Simultaneous Measurement of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Peripheral Turnover Kinetics in Man","volume":"51","author":"Nicoloff","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107265","article-title":"Effects of Replacement Doses of Sodium L-Thyroxine on the Peripheral Metabolism of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in Man","volume":"52","author":"Braverman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2013.09.01.40","article-title":"A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism","volume":"9","author":"Colucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Endocrinol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-018-0045-x","article-title":"Management of Hypothyroidism With Combination Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormone Replacement in Clinical Practice: A Review of Suggested Guidance","volume":"11","author":"Dayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-4-712","article-title":"The Nondeiodinative Pathways of Thyroxine Metabolism: 3,5,3\u2019,5-Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid Turnover in Normal and Fasting Human Subjects","volume":"50","author":"Pittman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-1-8","article-title":"Rapid and Selective Inner Ring Deiodination of Thyroxine Sulfate by Rat Liver Deiodinase","volume":"117","author":"Mol","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-3-1375","article-title":"Deiodination of Iodothyronine Sulfamates by Type I Iodothyronine Deiodinase of Rat Liver","volume":"129","author":"Rutgers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab005","article-title":"The Deiodinases: Their Identification and Cloning of Their Genes","volume":"162","author":"Galton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106304","article-title":"Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) to Triiodothyronine (T3) in Athyreotic Human Subjects","volume":"49","author":"Braverman","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3950.1099","article-title":"Conversion of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine in Normal Human Subjects","volume":"169","author":"Sterling","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106596","article-title":"The Extrathyroidal Conversion Rate of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine in Normal Man","volume":"50","author":"Pittman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108053","article-title":"Estimation of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Distribution and of the Conversion Rate of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine in Man","volume":"55","author":"Inada","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-1-49","article-title":"The Monodeiodination of Triiodothyronine and Reverse Triiodothyronine in Man: A Quantitative Evaluation of the Pathway by the Use of Turnover Rate Techniques","volume":"58","author":"Engler","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-5-829","article-title":"Monodeiodination of Triiodothyronine and Reverse Triiodothyronine During Low and High Calorie Diets","volume":"65","author":"Burger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2018.10.008","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Suppression Therapy","volume":"48","author":"Biondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients With Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30703-1","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"390","author":"Chaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1987.tb10960.x","article-title":"Long-Term ECG Recordings in Thyroxine-Substituted Hypothyroid Subjects","volume":"222","author":"Hylander","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.9.1033","article-title":"Thyroid Status, Cardiovascular Risk, and Mortality in Older Adults","volume":"295","author":"Cappola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1625","article-title":"Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Concentration and Morbidity From Cardiovascular Disease and Fractures in Patients on Long-Term Thyroxine Therapy","volume":"95","author":"Flynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.12.8954028","article-title":"Effects on Bone Mass of Long Term Treatment With Thyroid Hormones: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Uzzan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B54","article-title":"Hashimoto Thyroiditis","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Mincer","year":"2021"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06067-6","article-title":"Prediction of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Elderly People From One Low Serum Thyrotropin Result: A 10-Year Cohort Study","volume":"358","author":"Parle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7384.295","article-title":"Thyroid Function Tests and Hypothyroidism","volume":"326","author":"Toft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12515","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Thyroid Cancer","author":"Perros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1591","article-title":"Central Hypothyroidism in a Patient With Pituitary Autoimmunity: Evidence for TSH-Independent Thyroid Hormone Synthesis","volume":"97","author":"Barbesino","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.656551","article-title":"Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Beta: A Focused Review","volume":"12","author":"Pappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1616","article-title":"Clinical Review: Central Hypothyroidism: Pathogenic, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Challenges","volume":"97","author":"Persani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017863.52347.6C","article-title":"Prevention of Inflammation-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: A Novel Vasculo-Protective Action of Aspirin","volume":"105","author":"Kharbanda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030039","article-title":"Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Beneficial Effect of Levothyroxine Therapy","volume":"88","author":"Taddei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-05-0297","article-title":"How Much Is Too Much? Interleukin-6 and Its Signalling in Atherosclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Schuett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K10E-333","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction and Low Grade Chronic Inflammation in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Due to Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"58","author":"T\u00fcremen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161114666160208143537","article-title":"Nitric Oxide as a Marker for Levo-Thyroxine Therapy in Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients","volume":"14","author":"Obradovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109881","article-title":"Regulation of Nitric Oxide Production in Hypothyroidism","volume":"124","author":"Gluvic","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.4.526","article-title":"The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study","volume":"160","author":"Canaris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2409","article-title":"The Incidence and Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Europe: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Garmendia Madariaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"T(4), and Thyroid Antibodies in the United States Population 1998 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.7.7608283","article-title":"Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients on Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Suppressive Therapy With Levothyroxine: Beneficial Effect of Beta-Blockade","volume":"80","author":"Fazio","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390210063015","article-title":"Morbidity, Mortality, and Quality of Life for Patients Treated With Levothyroxine","volume":"150","author":"Petersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1869","article-title":"The Beneficial Effect of L-Thyroxine on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Endothelial Function, and Quality of Life in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Randomized, Crossover Trial","volume":"92","author":"Razvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.045","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases","volume":"71","author":"Razvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326","article-title":"Thyroid Disease and the Heart","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3945800","article-title":"All Members of the MHC Multigene Family Respond to Thyroid Hormone in a Highly Tissue-Specific Manner","volume":"231","author":"Izumo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.5.1451","article-title":"Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chain Genes in the Heart","volume":"87","author":"Morkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42279-4","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Receptor Modulates the Expression of the Rabbit Cardiac Sarco (Endo) Plasmic Reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase Gene","volume":"269","author":"Zarain-Herzberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201073060107","article-title":"Thyroid-Pituitary Interaction: Feedback Regulation of Thyrotropin Secretion by Thyroid Hormones","volume":"306","author":"Larsen","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.174","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"14","author":"Jabbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8302","article-title":"Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Cardiac Function: The Relative Importance of Heart Rate, Loading Conditions, and Myocardial Contractility in the Regulation of Cardiac Performance in Human Hyperthyroidism","volume":"87","author":"Biondi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.402","article-title":"Subclinical Hyperthyroidism and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality","volume":"172","author":"Collet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.8.2592","article-title":"Minimal Cardiac Effects in Asymptomatic Athyreotic Patients Chronically Treated With Thyrotropin-Suppressive Doses of L-Thyroxine","volume":"82","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.6.5733","article-title":"Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients With Subclinical Hypothyroidism","volume":"84","author":"Biondi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4184","article-title":"Subclinical and Overt Thyroid Dysfunction and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Large Population Study","volume":"99","author":"Selmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-2-4","article-title":"The Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation in Hyperthyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Bielecka-Dabrowa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a003996","article-title":"Ryanodine Receptors: Structure, Expression, Molecular Details, and Function in Calcium Release","volume":"2","author":"Lanner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46315","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"121","author":"Wakili","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5324","article-title":"Structural Basis for the Gating Mechanism of the Type 2 Ryanodine Receptor Ryr2","volume":"354","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7757-9_11","article-title":"Ryanodine Receptor Structure and Function in Health and Disease","volume":"87","author":"Santulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000194329.41863.89","article-title":"Ca2+\/calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Modulates Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Phosphorylation and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Leak in Heart Failure","volume":"97","author":"Ai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.273342","article-title":"Calcium Leak Through Ryanodine Receptors Leads to Atrial Fibrillation in 3 Mouse Models of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia","volume":"111","author":"Shan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201611624","article-title":"Extensive Ca2+ Leak Through K4750Q Cardiac Ryanodine Receptors Caused by Cytosolic and Luminal Ca2+ Hypersensitivity","volume":"149","author":"Uehara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.661280","article-title":"Intracellular Zinc Modulates Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor-Mediated Calcium Release","volume":"290","author":"Woodier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01500","article-title":"Hypokalemia-Induced Arrhythmias and Heart Failure: New Insights and Implications for Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Skogestad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01847","article-title":"Clinical Overview of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus as Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation and Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"9","author":"Homan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9101012","article-title":"Mechanisms of Chronic Metabolic Stress in Arrhythmias","volume":"9","author":"Gowen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6088.688","article-title":"Arterial Embolism in Thyrotoxicosis With Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"2","author":"Staffurth","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz284","article-title":"Effect of Catheter Ablation on Pre-Existing Abnormalities of Left Atrial Systolic, Diastolic, and Neurohormonal Functions in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"40","author":"Packer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx731","article-title":"Subclinical Device-Detected Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Mahajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.09.016","article-title":"Levothyroxine Dose and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"232","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2009.10.001","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Cardiac Arrhythmias","volume":"52","author":"Tribulova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.15.1675","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Population-Based Study","volume":"164","author":"Frost","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311901","article-title":"Low Serum Thyrotropin Concentrations as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in Older Persons","volume":"331","author":"Sawin","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90243-1","article-title":"Occult Thyrotoxicosis: A Correctable Cause of \u201cIdiopathic\u201d Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Forfar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.777789","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation After Isolated Coronary Surgery Affects Late Survival","volume":"118","author":"Mariscalco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.983","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation as an Independent Risk Factor for Stroke: The Framingham Study","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.2.272","article-title":"Incident Thromboembolism in the Aorta and the Renal, Mesenteric, Pelvic, and Extremity Arteries After Discharge From the Hospital With a Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"161","author":"Frost","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4259183","article-title":"Thyrotoxic Atrial Fibrillation: Factors Associated With Persistence and Risk of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"2017","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi825","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence and Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"27","author":"Heeringa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.4635","article-title":"Assessment of the Relationship Between Genetic Determinants of Thyroid Function and Atrial Fibrillation: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"4","author":"Ellervik","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.118.002468","article-title":"Thyroid Function and Dysfunction in Relation to 16 Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90850-6","article-title":"Management of Atrial Fibrillation in the Post-Thyrotoxic State","volume":"72","author":"Nakazawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000438750","article-title":"The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism","volume":"4","author":"Biondi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eun273","article-title":"The Significance of Preoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Preoperative Atrial Fibrillation\u2013Still Underestimated Opponent","volume":"10","author":"Banach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760143863","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and the Management of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Shimizu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021190","article-title":"Effect of Thyrotropin Suppressive Therapy on Heart Rate Variability and QT Dispersion in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067825","article-title":"The Nature and Prognosis of Thyrotoxic Heart Disease","volume":"54","author":"Ikram","year":"1985","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"B118","first-page":"50","article-title":"Electrocardiographic Abnormalities and Endocrine Diseases\u2013Part a: Hyperthyroidism","volume":"100","author":"Iskandar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tenn Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059489","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Electrocardiographic Parameters: Findings From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.246.12244","article-title":"ECG Changes in Patients With Primary Hyperthyroidism","volume":"30","author":"Baladi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(89)90142-2","article-title":"Cardiac Arrhythmias and Heart Rate in Hyperthyroidism","volume":"63","author":"von Olshausen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933413","article-title":"Cardiac Connexin-43 and PKC Signaling in Rats With Altered Thyroid Status Without and With Omega-3 Fatty Acids Intake","author":"Szeiffov\u00e1 Ba\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-016-1488-6","article-title":"Altered Thyroid Status Affects Myocardial Expression of Connexin-43 and Susceptibility of Rat Heart to Malignant Arrhythmias That Can be Partially Normalized by Red Palm Oil Intake","volume":"147","author":"Ba\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.042","article-title":"Cardiovascular Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism Before and After Antithyroid Therapy: A Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"49","author":"Osman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0299","article-title":"A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Overt Hyperthyroidism and Mortality","volume":"165","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.49.1043","article-title":"Long-Term Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: An Observational Study","volume":"31","author":"Klein Hesselink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0551","article-title":"Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Thyroid Cancer Patients Taking Levothyroxine: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea","volume":"180","author":"Suh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0016","article-title":"Management of Simple Nodular Goiter: Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Heged\u00fcs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000437262","article-title":"Treating Hypothyroidism With Thyroxine\/Triiodothyronine Combination Therapy in Denmark: Following Guidelines or Following Trends","volume":"4","author":"Michaelsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000339444","article-title":"2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism","volume":"1","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0417","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"21","author":"Bahn Chair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0084","article-title":"Effects of Either LT4 Monotherapy or LT4\/LT3 Combined Therapy in Patients Totally Thyroidectomized for Thyroid Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Regalbuto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000823","article-title":"Effects of Long-Term Combination LT4 and LT3 Therapy for Improving Hypothyroidism and Overall Quality of Life","volume":"111","author":"Tariq","year":"2018","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"B134","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Increases the Conductance Density of F-Channels in Rabbit Sino-Atrial Node Cells","volume":"7","author":"Renaudon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Recept Channels"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2001.1353","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Increases Pacemaker Activity in Rat Neonatal Atrial Myocytes","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.3","article-title":"Electrophysiologic Characteristics of Atrial Myocytes in Levo-Thyroxine-Treated Rats","volume":"15","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.49.1.1","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms for Cardiac Arrhythmias","volume":"49","author":"Hoffman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082844","article-title":"Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Tribulova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020999","article-title":"Thyroid Status and Diabetes Modulate Regional Differences in Potassium Currents in Rat Ventricle","volume":"488","author":"Shimoni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp021999","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulates Postnatal Expression of Transient K+ Channel Isoforms in Rat Ventricle","volume":"500","author":"Shimoni","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.271be.x","article-title":"Effects of Development and Thyroid Hormone on K+ Currents and K+ Channel Gene Expression in Rat Ventricle","volume":"504","author":"Wickenden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.7.6776","article-title":"Regulation of Rat Cardiac Kv1.5 Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone Is Rapid and Chamber Specific","volume":"140","author":"Ojamaa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/jhj.44.101","article-title":"Different Gene Expression of Potassium Channels by Thyroid Hormone and an Antithyroid Drug Between the Atrium and Ventricle of Rats","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn Heart J"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000053185.75505.8E","article-title":"Microarray Analysis Reveals Complex Remodeling of Cardiac Ion Channel Expression With Altered Thyroid Status: Relation to Cellular and Integrated Electrophysiology","volume":"92","author":"Le Bouter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01420-7","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulates mRNA Expression and Currents of Ion Channels in Rat Atrium","volume":"308","author":"Watanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370252","article-title":"Mechanism of Hyperthyroidism-Induced Modulation of the L-Type Ca2+ Current in Guinea Pig Ventricular Myocytes","volume":"421","author":"Mager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1300171","article-title":"L-Triiodothyronine Acutely Increases Ca2+ Uptake in the Isolated, Perfused Rat Heart. Changes in L-Type Ca2+ Channels and Beta-Receptors During Short- and Long-Term Hyper- and Hypothyroidism","volume":"130","author":"G\u00f8tzsche","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800500229227","article-title":"Genomic and Non-Genomic Regulation of L-Type Calcium Channels in Rat Ventricle by Thyroid Hormone","volume":"31","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000208","article-title":"Thyroxine Increases Serca2 and Ryr2 Gene Expression in Heart Failure Rats With Euthyroid Sick Syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Campanha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B150","article-title":"L-Thyroxine Activates the Intracellular Ca2+ Release Channel of Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum","volume":"32","author":"Connelly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.2.245","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone-Induced Alterations in Phospholamban Protein Expression. Regulatory Effects on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Transport and Myocardial Relaxation","volume":"75","author":"Kiss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1998.275.1.H264","article-title":"Thyroid Control of Sarcolemmal Na+\/Ca2+ Exchanger and SR Ca2+-ATPase in Developing Rat Heart","volume":"275","author":"Cernohorsk\u00fd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.4.H1690","article-title":"Differential Regulation of SR Calcium Transporters by Thyroid Hormone in Rat Atria and Ventricles","volume":"281","author":"Shenoy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015735","article-title":"Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Calcium Handling in Cultured Chick Ventricular Cells","volume":"364","author":"Kim","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.23.7974","article-title":"Milrinone and Thyroid Hormone Stimulate Myocardial Membrane Ca2+-ATPase Activity and Share Structural Homologies","volume":"82","author":"Mylotte","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1490073","article-title":"Acute Effect of Thyroid Hormone in the Rat Heart: Role of Calcium","volume":"149","author":"Segal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2000.120","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Receptors Bind to an Element in the Connexin43 Promoter","volume":"381","author":"Stock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HIJO.0000045945.16046.b5","article-title":"Enhanced Connexin-43 and Alpha-Sarcomeric Actin Expression in Cultured Heart Myocytes Exposed to Triiodo-L-Thyronine","volume":"35","author":"Tribulova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"key":"B159","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones Suppress Epsilon-PKC Signalling, Down-Regulate Connexin-43 and Increase Lethal Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Rat Hearts","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931425","article-title":"Diabetes and Thyroid Hormones Affect Connexin-43 and PKC-Epsilon Expression in Rat Heart Atria","volume":"58","author":"Mita\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00473-5","article-title":"Enhancement of Gap Junctional Communication and Connexin43 Expression by Thyroid Hormones","volume":"55","author":"Stock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.758043\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T08:43:51Z","timestamp":1636015431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.758043\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":161,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.758043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.758043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"article-number":"758043"}}