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Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium is a key ion involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility, nerve function, and skeletal structure. Global calcium balance is affected by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D, and calcium is shuttled between the extracellular space and the bone matrix compartment dynamically. The kidney plays an important role in whole-body calcium balance. Abnormalities in the kidney transport proteins alter the renal excretion of calcium. Various hormonal and regulatory pathways have evolved that regulate the renal handling of calcium to maintain the serum calcium within defined limits despite dynamic changes in\u00a0dietary calcium intake. Dysregulation of renal calcium transport can occur pharmacologically, hormonally, and <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> genetic mutations in key proteins in various nephron segments resulting in several disease processes. This review focuses on the regulation transport of calcium in the nephron. 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