{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:11:36Z","timestamp":1792894296086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cystatin C (CysC) is often used to diagnose and monitor renal diseases. Although some studies have investigated the association between serum CysC levels and thyroid diseases, their reported results were inconsistent. Therefore, the relationship between CysC levels and thyroid diseases remains controversial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis aimed to statistically evaluate serum CysC levels in patients with thyroid diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and<jats:ext-link>Wiley Online Library<\/jats:ext-link>databases. The following search terms were used for the title or abstract: \u201cCystatin C\u201d or \u201cCysC\u201d in combination with the terms \u201cthyroid disease\u201d, \u201cthyroid function\u201d, \u201chypothyroidism\u201d, or \u201chyperthyroidism\u201d. The results of the systematic analysis were presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven articles (1,265 cases and 894 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the serum CysC levels of patients with hyperthyroidism were significantly higher than those of the controls (SMD: 1.79, 95% CI [1.34, 2.25]), and the serum CysC levels of patients with hypothyroidism were significantly lower than those of the controls (SMD \u22120.59, 95% CI [\u22120.82, \u22120.36]). Moreover, the treatment of thyroid diseases significantly affected serum CysC levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this meta-analysis is the first to evaluate serum CysC levels in patients with thyroid diseases. Our findings suggest that thyroid function affects serum CysC levels and that serum CysC may be an effective marker for monitoring thyroid diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>PROSPERO [<jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/display_record.php?RecordID=258022], identifier CRD42021258022<\/jats:uri>].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.766516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1637299456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Association Between Serum Cystatin C and Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Caihong","family":"Xin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bimin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2680287","article-title":"Structure and Expression of the Human Cystatin C Gene","volume":"268","author":"Abrahamson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.34487","article-title":"Serum Cystatin C Is Superior to Serum Creatinine as a Marker of Kidney Function: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Dharnidharka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.5.699","article-title":"Cystatin C: An Improved Estimator of Glomerular Filtration Rate","volume":"48","author":"Laterza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"The Association Between Elevated Cystatin C Levels With Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01373-1","article-title":"Association Between Cystatin C and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.83511","article-title":"Association of Circulating Cystatin C Levels With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01208-5","article-title":"The Association Between Cystatin C and COPD: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC PULM Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0402-8","article-title":"The Correct Renal Function Evaluation in Patients With Thyroid Dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"Simeoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.07.022","article-title":"Serum Cystatin C Is Sensitive to Small Changes in Thyroid Function","volume":"338","author":"Wiesli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12282.OR","article-title":"Impact of Thyroid Function on Serum Cystatin C and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"19","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.10.018","article-title":"Paradoxical Effects of Thyroid Function on Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimated From Serum Creatinine or Standardized Cystatin C in Patients With Japanese Graves\u2019 Disease","volume":"451","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"WellsGA SheaB O\u2019ConnellD PetersonJ WelchV LososM The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"HigginsJPT GreenS Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines. 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