{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:02:26Z","timestamp":1793408546914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is characterized by thyroid dysfunction and deficits in the autoimmune system. Growing attention has been paid toward the field of gut microbiota over the last few decades. Several recent studies have found that gut microbiota composition in patients with AITD has altered, but no studies have conducted systematic reviews on the association between gut microbiota and ATID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases without language restrictions and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies, including 196 patients with AITD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The meta-analysis showed that the alpha diversity and abundance of certain gut microbiota were changed in patients with AITD compared to the controls. Chao1,the index of the microflora richness, was increased in the Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis group compared to controls (SMD, 0.68, 95%CI: 0.16 to 1.20), while it was decreased in the Graves\u2019 disease group (SMD, -0.87, 95%CI: -1.46 to -0.28). In addition, we found that some beneficial bacteria like\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were decreased in the AITD group, and harmful microbiota like\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly increased compared with the controls. Furthermore, the percentage of relevant abundance of other commensal bacteria such as\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was increased compared with the controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis indicates an association between AITD and alteration of microbiota composition at the family, genus, and species levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021251557.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.774362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:22:36Z","timestamp":1637115756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Boshen","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanrui","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.07.009","article-title":"Immunogenetics of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0799-5068","article-title":"Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Banga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res = Horm  Stoffwechselforschung = Horm Metabol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500605","article-title":"The Environment and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"150","author":"Prummel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101377","article-title":"Endocrine Disruptors and Thyroid Autoimmunity","volume":"34","author":"Benvenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101373","article-title":"Thyro-Entero-Gastric Autoimmunity: Pathophysiology and Implications for Patient Management","volume":"34","author":"Lahner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00092","article-title":"Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Autoimmune Gastritis","volume":"8","author":"Cellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.07.001","article-title":"The Microbiota and Autoimmunity: Their Role in Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"183","author":"Kohling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040995","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0300-8","article-title":"Control of Lupus Nephritis by Changes of Gut Microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3914","article-title":"The Oral and Gut Microbiomes Are Perturbed in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Partly Normalized After Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061769","article-title":"Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function","volume":"12","author":"Knezevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.579140","article-title":"Detection of Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Patients With Hashimoto Thyroiditis","volume":"12","author":"Cayres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Dysmicrobism Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Thyroiditis: Analysis of the Literature","volume":"29","author":"Tomasello","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01197","article-title":"Cytokine Secretion and Pyroptosis of Thyroid Follicular Cells Mediated by Enhanced NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4, and AIM2 Inflammasomes Are Associated With Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01917-2","article-title":"Remodelling of the Gut Microbiota by Hyperactive NLRP3 Induces Regulatory T Cells to Maintain Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.011","article-title":"Regulation of the Gut Microbiome by Inflammasomes","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01535","article-title":"The Human-Associated Archaeon Methanosphaera Stadtmanae Is Recognized Through Its RNA and Induces TLR8-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"8","author":"Vierbuchen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18262-6","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Regulation of Immune Cell IL-22 Production and Gut Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2018_2648","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Potential of Gut Microbiome-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)","volume":"66","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14806","article-title":"Butyrate Ameliorates Caerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis and Associated Intestinal Injury by Tissue-Specific Mechanisms","volume":"176","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0395","article-title":"Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Patients","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-1010-9","article-title":"Alterations in the Intestinal Microbiota of Patients With Severe and Active Graves' Orbitopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5036959","article-title":"The Composition of Gut Microbiota in Patients Bearing Hashimoto's Thyroiditis With Euthyroidism and Hypothyroidism","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1709.09027","article-title":"Deciphering Diversity Indices for a Better Understanding of Microbial Communities","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.101","article-title":"Molecular Estimation of Alteration in Intestinal Microbial Composition in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Patients","volume":"95","author":"Ishaq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother = Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.24151","article-title":"Molecular Alteration Analysis of Human Gut Microbial Composition in Graves' Disease Patients","volume":"14","author":"Ishaq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa511","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa511","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis Contributes to the Imbalance of Treg and Th17 Cells in Graves' Disease Patients by Propionic Acid","volume":"105","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040192","article-title":"Differential Microbial Pattern Description in Subjects With Autoimmune-Based Thyroid Diseases: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Cornejo-Pareja","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Personalized Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01507-6","article-title":"Associations Between Gut Microbiota and Thyroidal Function Status in Chinese Patients With Graves' Disease","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0193","article-title":"Gut Microbiota May Play a Significant Role in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Disease","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-19-0001","article-title":"Alteration of the Intestinal Flora may Participate in the Development of Graves' Disease: A Study Conducted Among the Han Population in Southwest China","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14038","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14038","article-title":"Study of Gut Microbiome in Egyptian Patients With Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"75","author":"El-Zawawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0640-6","article-title":"Gut Microbe Analysis Between Hyperthyroid and Healthy Individuals","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the Normal Gut Microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-019-00184-z","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Strains Possess Safety Characteristics, Antiviral Activities and Host Adherence Factors Revealed by Genome Mining","volume":"10","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.1078","article-title":"Role of Antibiotics for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Nitzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573","article-title":"The Controversial Role of Human Gut Lachnospiraceae","volume":"8","author":"Vacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01284-z","article-title":"The Influence of Bifidobacterium Bifidum and Bacteroides Fragilis on Enteric Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factors and Inflammasome","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Mechanism, Genetics and Current Knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3172","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003172","article-title":"Elevated Systemic Antibodies Towards Commensal Gut Microbiota in Autoinflammatory Condition","volume":"3","author":"Manukyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.11.031","article-title":"Immunostimulatory Probiotic Lactobacillus Rhamnosus\u00a0HN001 and Bifidobacterium Lactis HN019 do Not Induce Pathological Inflammation in Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/bm2010.0011","article-title":"The Role of Components of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in Pathogenesis and Serologic Diagnosis of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kiseleva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20190686","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in the Pathogenesis of Endocrine Disease","volume":"48","author":"Fenneman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.119.313414","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Vascular Calcification Through Activation of NLRP3 (Nucleotide-Binding Domain, Leucine-Rich-Containing Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing-3) Inflammasome and NF-kB (Nuclear Factor Kb) Signals","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1105427","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori Activates the TLR2\/NLRP3\/caspase-1\/IL-18 Axis to Induce Regulatory T-Cells, Establish Persistent Infection and Promote Tolerance to Allergens","volume":"6","author":"Koch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.004","article-title":"Distinct Commensals Induce Interleukin-1\u03b2 via NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Monocytes to Promote Intestinal Inflammation in Response to Injury","volume":"42","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/112331","article-title":"The Importance of Nutritional Factors and Dietary Management of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis","volume":"27","author":"Ihnatowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med AAEM"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9467-y","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis","volume":"19","author":"Virili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.774362\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:22:44Z","timestamp":1637115764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.774362\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.774362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.774362","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"article-number":"774362"}}