{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:53:34Z","timestamp":1770141214787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepcidin is a protein responsible for maintaining iron (Fe) homeostasis. Data regarding the role of hepcidin in the pathomechanism of Fe balance disturbances associated with acromegaly (AG) are scarce. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of alterations in complete blood count parameters, Fe homeostasis, gonadal status and GH\/IGF-1 on the level of hepcidin in AG patients. The study evaluated the differences in hepcidin concentration and iron homeostasis between patients newly diagnosed with AG in comparison to healthy control subjects (CS). We prospectively enrolled 25 adult patients newly diagnosed with AG and 25 healthy volunteers who served as CS. The level of hepcidin was measured using the Hepcidin 25 (bioactive) hs ELISA, which is a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> diagnostic measurement (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany). The median of hepcidin concentration in the serum of patients with AG was significantly lower 9.8 (6.2\u201318.2) ng\/ml as compared to CS 21.3 (14.3\u201334.0) ng\/ml (p = 0.003). In the AG group, a statistically significant negative correlation between hepcidin and IGF-1 (rho = \u22120.441) was observed. Our study demonstrated a decreased hepcidin level in AG patients in comparison to CS what may have a potentially protective effect against anemia through an increased bioavailability of Fe. Additionally, GH may have a positive direct or indirect effect on erythropoiesis. Further studies on larger patient groups are necessary in order to clarify the exact role of hepcidin in the regulation of erythropoiesis in the excess of GH\/IGF-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.788247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T05:37:58Z","timestamp":1644298678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Iron Homeostasis and Hepcidin Concentration in Patients With Acromegaly"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Krygier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Szczepanek-Parulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Cie\u015blewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Wrotkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Chanaj-Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Rucha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008923200","article-title":"A New Mouse Liver-Specific Gene, Encoding a Protein Homologous to Human Antimicrobial Peptide Hepcidin, is Overexpressed During Iron Overload","volume":"276","author":"Pigeon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050109-142444","article-title":"Hepcidin and Disorders of Iron Metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Ganz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.01.003","article-title":"The Iron Exporter Ferroportin\/Slc40a1 is Essential for Iron Homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Donovan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-139915","article-title":"Immunoassay for Human Serum Hepcidin","volume":"112","author":"Ganz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24359","article-title":"Serum and Liver Iron Differently Regulate the Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (BMP6)-SMAD Signaling Pathway in Mice","volume":"54","author":"Corradini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24178","article-title":"Evidence for Distinct Pathways of Hepcidin Regulation by Acute and Chronic Iron Loading in Mice","volume":"53","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.01.004","article-title":"The Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of Hepcidin","volume":"35","author":"Ruchala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2016.003","article-title":"Laboratory Use of Hepcidin in Renal Transplant Recipients","volume":"26","author":"Simetic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52715-3","article-title":"The Hepcidin Concentration Decreases in Hypothyroid Patients With Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Following Restoration of Euthyroidism","volume":"9","author":"Hernik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5764061","article-title":"Hepcidin and Iron Homeostasis in Patients With Subacute Thyroiditis and Healthy Subjects","volume":"2019","author":"Hernik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0017","article-title":"Changes in Serum Hepcidin According to Thyrometabolic Status in Patients With Graves' Disease","volume":"9","author":"Krygier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2018.0093","article-title":"Diagnostics and Treatment of Acromegaly - Updated Recommendations of the Polish Society of Endocrinology","volume":"70","author":"Bolanowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2020.0020","article-title":"Improvement of Acromegaly Control With Multimodal Therapy in Romania","volume":"71","author":"Marinescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.15337","article-title":"Acromegaly Due to Ectopic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Secretion by Lung Carcinoid","volume":"130","author":"Kaluzny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2020.0021","article-title":"Subclinical Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Patients With Naive Acromegaly - Assessment With Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography: Retrospective Study","volume":"71","author":"Popielarz-Grygalewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2012.28790","article-title":"Risk of Neoplasms in Acromegaly","volume":"16","author":"Ruchala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol (Pozn)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2021.0075","article-title":"Quality of Life in Patients With Acromegaly Receiving Lanreotide Autogel: A Real-World Observational Study","volume":"72","author":"Bolanowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.870971","article-title":"Growth Hormone: Species-Specific Stimulation of Erythropoiesis In Vitro","volume":"196","author":"Golde","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-1-78","article-title":"Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Stimulates Human Erythroid Colony Formation In Vitro","volume":"65","author":"Claustres","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2004-0322","article-title":"Growth Hormone-Induced Stimulation of Multilineage Human Hematopoiesis","volume":"23","author":"Hanley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.2.8612","article-title":"Age-Associated Loss of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells is Reversed by GH and Accompanies Thymic Reconstitution","volume":"143","author":"French","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Exerts Hematopoietic Growth-Promoting Effects After In Vivo Administration","volume":"22","author":"Tsarfaty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2018.07.005","article-title":"Growth Hormone and Hematopoiesis: A Retrospective Analysis on a Large Cohort of Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency","author":"Ciresi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0591-0","article-title":"Effects of Growth Hormone Therapeutic Supplementation on Hematopoietic Stem\/Progenitor Cells in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: Focus on Proliferation and Differentiation Capabilities","volume":"50","author":"Kawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.9.2985","article-title":"The Importance of Growth Hormone in the Regulation of Erythropoiesis, Red Cell Mass, and Plasma Volume in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Christ","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13762.x","article-title":"Enhancement of Erythropoiesis by Erythropoietin, Bovine Protein and Energy Fortified Mother's Milk During Anaemia of Prematurity","volume":"84","author":"Ronnestad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.20.7825","article-title":"Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Stimulates Erythropoiesis in Hypophysectomized Rats","volume":"85","author":"Kurtz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00977-5","article-title":"Staging and Managing Patients With Acromegaly in Clinical Practice: Baseline Data From the SAGIT(R) Validation Study","volume":"22","author":"Giustina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000192434","article-title":"The Growth Hormone Cascade and its Role in Mammalian Growth","volume":"71","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.186866","article-title":"Circulating Human Hepcidin-25 Concentrations Display a Diurnal Rhythm, Increase With Prolonged Fasting, and are Reduced by Growth Hormone Administration","volume":"58","author":"Troutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0576","article-title":"The Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin is Decreased in Pregnancy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study","volume":"51","author":"van Santen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155804","article-title":"Current Understanding of Iron Homeostasis","volume":"106","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094591","article-title":"On Iron Metabolism and Its Regulation","volume":"22","author":"Vogt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9589-5_2","article-title":"Cellular Iron Metabolism and Regulation","volume":"1173","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.020","article-title":"DMT1 and Iron Transport","volume":"133","author":"Yanatori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.1339","article-title":"Increased Hepcidin Expression in Colorectal Carcinogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2017-0027","article-title":"Expression of Hepcidin and Neogenin in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Xiang-Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-2-436","article-title":"Receptors for the Insulin-Like Growth Factors on Human Erythrocytes","volume":"57","author":"Polychronakos","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.11.2823.bloodjournal78112823","article-title":"Production of Erythropoietic Bursts by Progenitor Cells From Adult Human Peripheral Blood in an Improved Serum-Free Medium: Role of Insulinlike Growth Factor 1","volume":"78","author":"Correa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199412000-00011","article-title":"Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 as Determinants of Blood Hemoglobin Concentration in Healthy Subjects","volume":"36","author":"Anttila","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0253","article-title":"Acromegaly at Diagnosis in 3173 Patients From the Liege Acromegaly Survey (LAS) Database","volume":"24","author":"Petrossians","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2008.08.001","article-title":"Ferritin for the Clinician","volume":"23","author":"Knovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2010.03.011","article-title":"Serum Ferritin: Past, Present and Future","volume":"1800","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.005","article-title":"Regulators of Hepcidin Expression","volume":"110","author":"Roth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-6-1924","article-title":"Growth Allometry of the Organs in Giant Transgenic Mice","volume":"121","author":"Shea","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013961","article-title":"Regulation of the Iron Homeostatic Hormone Hepcidin","volume":"8","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25615","article-title":"Inhibition of Hepcidin Transcription by Growth Factors","volume":"56","author":"Goodnough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8201","article-title":"Age Trends in the Level of Serum Testosterone and Other Hormones in Middle-Aged Men: Longitudinal Results From the Massachusetts Male Aging Study","volume":"87","author":"Feldman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.09.060","article-title":"Estrogen Regulates Iron Homeostasis Through Governing Hepatic Hepcidin Expression via an Estrogen Response Element","volume":"511","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2045","article-title":"17beta-Estradiol Inhibits Iron Hormone Hepcidin Through an Estrogen Responsive Element Half-Site","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-124077","article-title":"Elevated Levels of Estrogen Suppress Hepcidin Synthesis and Enhance Serum Iron Availability in Premenopausal Women","volume":"126","author":"Bajbouj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz316","article-title":"Testosterone Administration During Energy Deficit Suppresses Hepcidin and Increases Iron Availability for Erythropoiesis","volume":"105","author":"Hennigar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12622","article-title":"Hepcidin Is Not Essential for Mediating Testosterone's Effects on Erythropoiesis","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.01.008","article-title":"Hepcidin Levels in Hyperprolactinemic Women Monitored by Nanopore Thin Film Based Assay: Correlation With Pregnancy-Associated Hormone Prolactin","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00650","article-title":"The Concept of Growth Hormone Deficiency Affecting Clinical Prognosis in IVF","volume":"10","author":"Yovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prolactin Biology and Laboratory Measurement: An Update on Physiology and Current Analytical Issues","volume":"39","author":"Saleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.788247\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T05:38:02Z","timestamp":1644298682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.788247\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.788247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.788247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"article-number":"788247"}}