{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T22:30:29Z","timestamp":1775341829517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>1) To explore the associations between autistic traits and sex hormone changes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); 2) To explore the influence of PCOS parental autistic traits and related sex hormone changes on autistic traits in their offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a case\u2013control study that recruited two groups: polycystic ovarian syndrome-induced infertile subjects as the observation group and fallopian tube factor-induced infertility subjects as the control group. Both cohorts were patients undergoing infertility treatment in the Productive Medicine Center, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital. Two types of questionnaires were completed by patients between May 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>, 2015, and May 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>, 2016: 1. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) 2. Repetitive behavior scale-revised (RBS-r). Levels of sex hormones in serum were measured in patients. The correlations between the levels of these biochemical factors and scores of the autistic traits were analysed. From July 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>, 2020 to September 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>, 2021, these patients were followed up by telephone and asked to fill out a questionnaire online. The questionnaire included date of delivery, complications, medicine used and negative events during pregnancy (e.g., death of relatives, divorce, etc.), delivery condition, breastfeeding, AQ scale and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) of their children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients in the PCOS group had significantly higher AQ scores than those in the control group. Levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone were also higher in the PCOS group. No significant differences were found between the two groups in RBS-r levels, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol or progesterone. In the two combined groups, there were significantly positive correlations between the AQ scores and the luteinizing hormone concentration, as well as between scores of RBS-r and testosterone  concentration. Moreover, there was a significantly negative correlation between the level of progesterone and the RBS-r score. According to the follow-up data, the AQ scores of offspring were positively correlated with the RBS-r scores of their mothers. The ABC scores of offspring were positively correlated with the RBS-r scores and the childbearing age of their mothers. No significant difference was found between the two groups in age of delivery, complications, special medication used, negative events during pregnancy, delivery situation, postpartum breastfeeding, age of children, or AQ scores or ABC scores of children. There were no significant correlations between the scale scores of children and the related sex hormone levels of mothers. This could indicate that the higher levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone and the lower level of progesterone accompanied more pronounced autistic traits in PCOS. Furthermore, the higher delivery age and RBS-r score in mothers accompanied the higher AQ and ABC scores in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the control group, PCOS patients had more autistic traits (especially social dysfunction). The autistic traits in PCOS patients might be related to the elevation in testosterone concentration and luteinizing hormone levels and the decline in progesterone level. Moreover, the autistic traits in the offspring of PCOS patients might be related to the parental high delivery age and high tendency to autism traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.789395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T14:31:29Z","timestamp":1643639489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Associations Between Sex Hormone Levels and Autistic Traits in Infertile Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Their 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