{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:12:32Z","timestamp":1793146352638,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are commonly benign tumors accounting for 10-25% of intracranial tumors. Prolactin-secreting adenomas represent the most predominant type of all PitNET and for this subtype of tumors, the medical therapy relies on the use of dopamine agonists (DAs). DAs yield an excellent therapeutic response in reducing tumor size and hormonal secretion targeting the dopamine receptor type 2 (D2DR) whose higher expression in prolactin-secreting adenomas compared to other PitNET is now well established. Moreover, although DAs therapy does not represent the first-line therapy for other PitNET, off-label use of DAs is considered in PitNET expressing D2DR. Nevertheless, DAs primary or secondary resistance, occurring in a subset of patients, may involve several molecular mechanisms, presently not fully elucidated. Dopamine receptors (DRs) expression is a prerequisite for a proper DA function in PitNET and several molecular events may negatively modify DR membrane expression, through the DRs down-regulation and intracellular trafficking, and DR signal transduction pathway. The current mini-review will summarise the presently known molecular events that underpin the unsuccessful therapy with DAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.791633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T04:50:35Z","timestamp":1641963035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Resistance to Dopamine Agonists in Pituitary Tumors: Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Patalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Negri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Pirchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Simona","family":"Auriemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002642","article-title":"The Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Dopamine Receptors","volume":"63","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02353","article-title":"Novel Insights in Dopamine Receptor Physiology","author":"Pivonello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000499470","article-title":"Dopamine Agonists: From the 1970s to Today","volume":"109","author":"Auriemma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:14:3:329","article-title":"Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene Expression in Human Adenohypophysial Adenomas","volume":"14","author":"Stefaneanu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90563-C","article-title":"Further Characterization of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Expressed in MMQ Cells","volume":"46","author":"Steffey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Melmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-9998","article-title":"Advances in the Treatment of Prolactinomas","volume":"27","author":"Gillam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-175-41787","article-title":"Bromocriptine Inhibits Growth Hormone Release From Rat Pituitary Cells in Primary Culture","volume":"175","author":"Cronin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01876","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor Subtype 2 and Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 5 Expression Influences Somatostatin Analogs Effects on Human Somatotroph Pituitary Adenomas In Vitro","volume":"35","author":"Zatelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1358","article-title":"Correlation of In Vitro and In Vivo Somatotropic Adenoma Responsiveness to Somatostatin Analogs and Dopamine Agonists With Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors and Electron Microscopy","volume":"93","author":"Ferone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1107-2","article-title":"Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression in the Corticotroph Cells of the Human Normal Pituitary Gland","volume":"57","author":"Pivonello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030837","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor Expression and Function in Corticotroph Pituitary Tumors","volume":"89","author":"Pivonello","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2700","article-title":"Acromegaly: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"99","author":"Katznelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.21","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: A Consensus on the Medical Treatment of Acromegaly","volume":"10","author":"Giustina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2443","article-title":"Place of Cabergoline in Acromegaly: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"96","author":"Sandret","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2019.0023","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Long-Acting Repeatable Octreotide as Monotherapy or in Combination With Pegvisomant or Cabergoline in Patients With Acromegaly Not Adequately Controlled by Conventional Regimens: Results of an Open-Label, Multicentre Study","volume":"70","author":"Colao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2603","article-title":"Effective Combination Treatment With Cabergoline and Low-Dose Pegvisomant in Active Acromegaly: A Prospective Clinical Trial","volume":"97","author":"Higham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1818","article-title":"Treatment of Cushing\u2019s Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"100","author":"Nieman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1048","article-title":"The Treatment of Cushing\u2019s Disease","volume":"36","author":"Pivonello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-009-0209-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of Cabergoline in Monotherapy and Combined With Ketoconazole in the Management of Cushing\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Vilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0475-3","article-title":"Combination Therapy for Cushing\u2019s Disease: Effectiveness of Two Schedules of Treatment: Should We Start With Cabergoline or Ketoconazole","volume":"17","author":"Barbot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0662","article-title":"Cabergoline for Cushing\u2019s Disease: A Large Retrospective Multicenter Study","volume":"176","author":"Ferriere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1000094","article-title":"Pasireotide Alone or With Cabergoline and Ketoconazole in Cushing\u2019s Disease","volume":"362","author":"Feelders","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000495775","article-title":"Management of Dopamine Agonist-Resistant Prolactinoma","volume":"109","author":"Maiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8054","article-title":"Resistance to Cabergoline as Compared With Bromocriptine in Hyperprolactinemia: Prevalence, Clinical Definition, and Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"86","author":"Di Sarno","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.37","article-title":"Medical Treatment of Prolactinomas","volume":"7","author":"Colao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030859","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor Expression and Function in Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors: Comparison With the Effectiveness of Cabergoline Treatment","volume":"89","author":"Pivonello","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.4.4685","article-title":"Heterogeneous Dopamine D2 Receptor Subtype Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas","volume":"83","author":"Renner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1826","article-title":"Expression Analysis of Dopamine Receptor Subtypes in Normal Human Pituitaries, Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas and Somatotropinomas, and the Association Between Dopamine and Somatostatin Receptors With Clinical Response to Octreotide-LAR in Acromegaly","volume":"94","author":"Neto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00469","article-title":"Dopamine Agonists for Pituitary Adenomas","volume":"9","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0344","article-title":"Cabergoline Should Be Attempted in Progressing Non-Functioning Pituitary Macroadenoma","volume":"185","author":"Greenman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12114-7_2","article-title":"Signaling Pathways Regulating Pituitary Lactotrope Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis","volume":"846","author":"Booth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222319599","article-title":"Control of Lactotrop Proliferation by Dopamine: Essential Role of Signaling Through D2 Receptors and ERKs","volume":"99","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018097","article-title":"Dopamine-Induced Apoptosis of Lactotropes is Mediated by the Short Isoform of D2 Receptor","volume":"6","author":"Radl","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1008","article-title":"Each Individual Isoform of the Dopamine D2 Receptor Protects From Lactotroph Hyperplasia","volume":"27","author":"Radl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03135","article-title":"The Balance of PI3K and ERK Signaling Is Dysregulated in Prolactinoma and Modulated by Dopamine","volume":"159","author":"Roof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70052139.x","article-title":"Activation of Microtubule-Associated Protein Kinase (Erk) and P70 S6 Kinase by D2 Dopamine Receptors","volume":"70","author":"Welsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5744","article-title":"Suppression of mTOR Pathway and Induction of Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death by Cabergoline","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1328347","article-title":"Activation of DRD5 (Dopamine Receptor D5) Inhibits Tumor Growth by Autophagic Cell Death","volume":"13","author":"Leng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1679636","article-title":"Bromocriptine and Cabergoline Induce Cell Death in Prolactinoma Cells via the ERK\/EGR1 and AKT\/mTOR Pathway Respectively","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.1.7272","article-title":"PARP-1 Is Involved in Autophagy Induced by DNA Damage","volume":"5","author":"Munoz-Gamez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.06.034","article-title":"The Dopamine-Somatostatin Chimeric Compound BIM-23A760 Exerts Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Effects in Human Non-Functioning Pituitary Tumors by Activating ERK1\/2 and P38 Pathways","volume":"288","author":"Peverelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30613","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor Type 2 (DRD2) and Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 (SSTR2) Agonists are Effective in Inhibiting Proliferation of Progenitor\/Stem-Like Cells Isolated From Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors","volume":"140","author":"Peverelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.08.005","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor Type 2 (DRD2) Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Human Tumorous Pituitary Cells Through ROCK-Mediated Cofilin Inactivation","volume":"381","author":"Peverelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00987-3","article-title":"Dopamine Agonist Resistant Prolactinomas: Any Alternative Medical Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Souteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023180","article-title":"Late Development of Resistance to Bromocriptine in a Patient With Macroprolactinoma","volume":"49","author":"Delgrange","year":"1998","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-009-0168-0","article-title":"Secondary Resistance to Cabergoline Therapy in a Macroprolactinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"14","author":"Behan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6390.451","article-title":"Failure of Bromocriptine to Maintain Reduction in Size of a Macroprolactinoma","volume":"287","author":"Breidahl","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02686.x","article-title":"Unusual Late Development of Dopamine Agonist Resistance in Two Women With Hyperprolactinaemia Associated With Transition From Micro to Macroadenoma","volume":"66","author":"McCall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0237-4","article-title":"Acquired Resistance to Cabergoline: Progression From Initially Responsive Micro to Macroprolactinoma","volume":"13","author":"Alberiche Ruano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-16-0038","article-title":"A Macroprolactinoma Becoming Resistant to Cabergoline and Developing Atypical Pathology","volume":"2016","author":"Sbardella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13595","article-title":"Treatment Escape Reduces the Effectiveness of Cabergoline During Long-Term Treatment of Acromegaly in Monotherapy or in Association With First-Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands","volume":"88","author":"Kasuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0936-7","article-title":"Effect of Cabergoline Monotherapy in Cushing\u2019s Disease: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Palui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000126764","article-title":"Decreased Expression of the Two D2 Dopamine Receptor Isoforms in Bromocriptine-Resistant Prolactinomas","volume":"60","author":"Caccavelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156116","article-title":"Genes Differentially Expressed in Prolactinomas Responsive and Resistant to Dopamine Agonists","volume":"89","author":"Passos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0107-y","article-title":"Expression of D2RmRNA Isoforms and ERmRNA Isoforms in Prolactinomas: Correlation With the Response to Bromocriptine and With Tumor Biological Behavior","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0656","article-title":"Resistance to Dopamine Agonists in Prolactinoma is Correlated With Reduction of Dopamine D2 Receptor Long Isoform mRNA Levels","volume":"166","author":"Shimazu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12684","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor Subtype 2 Expression Profile in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas and In Vivo Response to Cabergoline Therapy","volume":"82","author":"Vieira Neto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.1.6450","article-title":"Differential Actions of the Dopamine Agonist Bromocriptine on Growth of SMtTW Tumors Exhibiting a Prolactin and\/or a Somatotroph Cell Phenotype: Relation to Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression","volume":"140","author":"Trouillas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0206","article-title":"Treatment of Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas With Dopamine Agonists","volume":"175","author":"Greenman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000505","article-title":"Cabergoline in the Management of Residual Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma: A Single-Center, Open-Label, 2-Year Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"42","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026225625897","article-title":"Dopamine Resistance of Prolactinomas","volume":"6","author":"Molitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-111-4-1057","article-title":"Rat Anterior Pituitary Dopaminergic Receptors are Regulated by Estradiol and During Lactation","volume":"111","author":"Heiman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-119-6-2484","article-title":"Direct Effect of Estradiol on the Number of Dopamine Receptors in the Anterior Pituitary of Ovariectomized Rats","volume":"119","author":"Pasqualini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6246","article-title":"Alternative Splicing of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid is Modulated by Activated Sex Steroid Receptors in the MMQ Prolactin Cell Line","volume":"139","author":"Guivarc\u2019h","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2003.tb04423.x","article-title":"Ethanol and Estradiol Modulate Alternative Splicing of Dopamine D2 Receptor Messenger RNA and Abolish the Inhibitory Action of Bromocriptine on Prolactin Release From the Pituitary Gland","volume":"27","author":"Oomizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.7961","article-title":"Nerve Growth Factor Suppresses the Transforming Phenotype of Human Prolactinomas","volume":"90","author":"Missale","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2008.1","article-title":"Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Response to Cabergoline Therapy in Patients With Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas","volume":"8","author":"Filopanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacogenom J"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.154","article-title":"Receptors for Dopamine and Somatostatin: Formation of Hetero-Oligomers With Enhanced Functional Activity","volume":"288","author":"Rocheville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42002","article-title":"BIM-23A760 Influences Key Functional Endpoints in Pituitary Adenomas and Normal Pituitaries: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Differential Response in Adenomas","volume":"7","author":"Ibanez-Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000095536","article-title":"Somatostatin and Dopamine-Somatostatin Multiple Ligands Directed Towards Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors in Pituitary Adenomas","volume":"83","author":"Saveanu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.061","article-title":"The Effect of Selective Sst1, Sst2, Sst5 Somatostatin Receptors Agonists, a Somatostatin\/Dopamine (SST\/DA) Chimera and Bromocriptine on the \u201cClinically Non-Functioning\u201d Pituitary Adenomas In Vitro","volume":"78","author":"Gruszka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0271","article-title":"Efficacy of a Dopamine-Somatostatin Chimeric Molecule, BIM-23A760, in the Control of Cell Growth From Primary Cultures of Human Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenomas: A Multi-Center Study","volume":"15","author":"Florio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0025-x","article-title":"Phenotypical and Pharmacological Characterization of Stem-Like Cells in Human Pituitary Adenomas","volume":"54","author":"Wurth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.57.3.446","article-title":"Modulation of Dopamine D(2) Receptor Signaling by Actin-Binding Protein (ABP-280)","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000065531","article-title":"Dominant Negative Mutants of Filamin A Block Cell Surface Expression of the D2 Dopamine Receptor","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.011538198","article-title":"Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors are Linked to the Actin Cytoskeleton via Interaction With Filamin A","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2902","article-title":"Filamin-A is Essential for Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression and Signaling in Tumorous Lactotrophs","volume":"97","author":"Peverelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37692-3","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Filamin A in Patients With Acromegaly and Its Association With Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptor Profiles","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.022405.154731","article-title":"Physiological Roles of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases and Arrestins","volume":"69","author":"Premont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41199-1_9","article-title":"Beta-Arrestins and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking","volume":"219","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408319200","article-title":"Protein Kinase C Mediates Phosphorylation, Desensitization, and Trafficking of the D2 Dopamine Receptor","volume":"279","author":"Namkung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M900388200","article-title":"G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation Regulates Post-Endocytic Trafficking of the D2 Dopamine Receptor","volume":"284","author":"Namkung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144206","article-title":"Desensitization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Neuronal Functions","volume":"27","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.012","article-title":"An Akt\/beta-Arrestin 2\/PP2A Signaling Complex Mediates Dopaminergic Neurotransmission and Behavior","volume":"122","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.186","article-title":"A Dopamine D1 Receptor-Dependent Beta-Arrestin Signaling Complex Potentially Regulates Morphine-Induced Psychomotor Activation But Not Reward in Mice","volume":"36","author":"Urs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0369","article-title":"Agonist-Induced Endocytosis and Receptor Phosphorylation Mediate Resensitization of Dopamine D(2) Receptors","volume":"24","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-10-0334","article-title":"The Role of Somatostatin and Dopamine D2 Receptors in Endocrine Tumors","volume":"18","author":"Gatto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1672","article-title":"Beta-Arrestin 1 and 2 and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Expression in Pituitary Adenomas: Role in the Regulation of Response to Somatostatin Analogue Treatment in Patients With Acromegaly","volume":"154","author":"Gatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000509219","article-title":"Beta-Arrestin 2 Is Required for Dopamine Receptor Type 2 Inhibitory Effects on AKT Phosphorylation and Cell Proliferation in Pituitary Tumors","volume":"111","author":"Mangili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058190","article-title":"MicroRNAs as Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors","volume":"353","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2296","article-title":"The Mechanics of miRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing: A Look Under the Hood of miRISC","volume":"19","author":"Fabian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.089367.108","article-title":"New Class of microRNA Targets Containing Simultaneous 5\u2019-UTR and 3\u2019-UTR Interaction Sites","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.139758.112","article-title":"Analysis of CDS-Located miRNA Target Sites Suggests That They Can Effectively Inhibit Translation","volume":"23","author":"Hausser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.03.013","article-title":"miR-93-5p Targets Smad7 to Regulate the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1\/Smad3 Pathway and Mediate Fibrosis in Drug-Resistant Prolactinoma","volume":"149","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0963-4","article-title":"Tumor Suppressor miR-145-5p Sensitizes Prolactinoma to Bromocriptine by Downregulating TPT1","volume":"42","author":"Jian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.07.014","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression Profile of Bromocriptine-Resistant Prolactinomas","volume":"395","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111033","article-title":"The Long Noncoding RNA-H19\/miRNA-93a\/ATG7 Axis Regulates the Sensitivity of Pituitary Adenomas to Dopamine Agonists","volume":"518","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0203","article-title":"MicroRNA-93 Mediates Cabergoline-Resistance by Targeting ATG7 in Prolactinoma","volume":"240","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.07.024","article-title":"Role of TGF-Beta1\/Smad3-Mediated Fibrosis in Drug Resistance Mechanism of Prolactinoma","volume":"1698","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1650475","article-title":"Angiogenesis in Pituitary Adenomas - Relationship to Endocrine Function, Treatment and Outcome","volume":"165","author":"Turner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-009-9057-3","article-title":"Invasive Giant Prolactinoma With Loss of Therapeutic Response to Cabergoline: Expression of Angiogenic Markers","volume":"20","author":"Mallea-Gil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-010-9119-6","article-title":"VEGF and CD31 Association in Pituitary Adenomas","volume":"21","author":"Cristina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/87895","article-title":"The Neurotransmitter Dopamine Inhibits Angiogenesis Induced by Vascular Permeability Factor\/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","volume":"7","author":"Basu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1445","article-title":"Increased Pituitary Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-a in Dopaminergic D2 Receptor Knockout Female Mice","volume":"146","author":"Cristina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.791633\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T04:50:38Z","timestamp":1641963038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.791633\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2021.791633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.791633","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"article-number":"791633"}}