{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:26:32Z","timestamp":1767965192832,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017244","name":"Wojskowy Instytut Medyczny","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WIM\/MNiSW grant No. 453\/WIM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WIM\/MNiSW grant No. 453\/WIM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Arterial hypertension (AH) that accompanies acromegaly (AC) may lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. Such consequences may be detected with impedance cardiography (ICG), which is a noninvasive method of hemodynamic assessment. Early detection of subclinical hemodynamic alterations in AC patients may be crucial for optimizing treatment and preventing cardiovascular remodeling. The purpose of this study was to identify the hemodynamic parameters of the cardiovascular system that differentiate patients with AC from those in the control group (CG), with a particular emphasis on potential targets for medical therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational, prospective, clinical study involved a comparative analysis of 33 AC patients with no significant comorbidities and the controls selected <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> propensity score matching based on a set of baseline characteristics (age, sex, body mass index, mean blood pressure [MBP]), with comparable proportions of AH patients. The assessed hemodynamic parameters included the stroke volume index (SI), cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, velocity index (VI), acceleration index, Heather index (HI), and thoracic fluid content (TFC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both the AC group and the CG had well-controlled AH (mean blood pressure of 121\/77 mmHg and 119\/76 mmHg, respectively). In terms of baseline characteristics, the AC group was characterized by a higher hear rate and lower creatinine levels than the CG (76.2 bpm vs. 66.8 bpm [p = 0.001] and 0.755 mg\/dL vs. 0.850 mg\/dL [p = 0.035], respectively). ICG assessment of AC patients and CG patients showed the former to have higher heart rates (73.5 bpm vs. 65.2 bpm; p = 0.003), lower SI (43.8 mL\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> vs. 53.4 mL\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; p = 0.0001), lower VI (42.1 1\/1000\/s vs. 49.3 1\/1000\/s; p = 0.037), lower HI (8.49 Ohm\/s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> vs. 13.4 Ohm\/s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, p \u2264\u20090.0001), and higher thoracic fluid content (TFC) (38.4 1\/kOhm vs. 28.1 1\/kOhm; p \u2264\u20090.0001), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even with well-controlled hypertension, AC is associated with a high TFC, increased heart rate, and decreased indices of cardiac contractility. Hemodynamic changes in AC patients may be detected with the modern, noninvasive diagnostic tool, ICG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.793280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T12:13:08Z","timestamp":1642507988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acromegaly: The Research and Practical Value of Noninvasive Hemodynamic Assessments via Impedance Cardiography"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Jurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Krzesi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Gielerak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kazimierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wierzbowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Banak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Uzi\u0119b\u0142o-\u017byczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0058-5","article-title":"A Consensus Statement on Acromegaly Therapeutic Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Melmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra062453","article-title":"Medical Progress: Acromegaly","volume":"355","author":"Melmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1009965803750","article-title":"Epidemiology of Acromegaly","volume":"2","author":"Holdaway","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03626.x","article-title":"Features at Diagnosis of 324 Patients With Acromegaly did Not Change From 1981 to 2006: Acromegaly Remains Under-Recognized and Under-Diagnosed","volume":"72","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39375","article-title":"Acromegaly Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"119","author":"Melmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031199","article-title":"Factors Influencing Mortality in Acromegaly","volume":"89","author":"Holdaway","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020798430884","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Prevalence of Hypertension in Acromegaly","volume":"4","author":"Bondanelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0022","article-title":"Systemic Complications of Acromegaly: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management","volume":"25","author":"Colao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0009","article-title":"Cardiovascular Function in Acromegaly","volume":"24","author":"Clayton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/b:pitu.0000023427.31609.a2","article-title":"Acromegalic Cardiomyopathy: A Review of the Literature","volume":"6","author":"Matta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.4.3876","article-title":"Cardiac Involvement in Acromegaly: Specific Myocardiopathy or Consequence of Systemic Hypertension","volume":"82","author":"L\u00f3pez-Velasco","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"196","article-title":"Impaired Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling in Patients With Acromegaly: Assessment With Radionuclide Angiography","volume":"36","author":"Cuocolo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1988.tb15882.x","article-title":"A Hyperkinetic Heart in Uncomplicated Active Acromegaly. 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