{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:15:32Z","timestamp":1791976532194,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth hormone (GH) therapy dates back to 1958 and, though has shown an excellent safety profile in the short-term, has never ceased to raise concern about potential long-term side effects. In the last decade, a number of observational studies in different cohorts of young adult patients treated with GH during childhood have yielded conflicting results. The attention has mainly focused on three major potential risks associated with GH therapy: cancer, cardio and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes. This review intends to provide a detailed overview of the main studies reporting long-term safety in subjects treated with rhGH therapy during childhood, highlighting the evidence for or against the risk of cancer, cardio and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.811846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T08:50:44Z","timestamp":1640335844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Safety of Pediatric rhGH Therapy: An Overview and the Need for Long-Term Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cianfarani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.99.2566.183","article-title":"The Isolation of Pituitary Growth Hormone","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"1944","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-18-8-901","article-title":"Treatment of a Pituitary Dwarf With Human Growth Hormone","volume":"18","author":"Raben","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Long-Term Treatment With Human Growth Hormone (Raben) in Small Doses","volume":"22","author":"Prader","year":"1967","journal-title":"Eval 18 Hypopituitary Patients Helv Paediatr Acta"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196410082711502","article-title":"Treatment of Short Stature in Children and Adolescents With Human Pituitary Growth Hormone (Raben)","volume":"271","author":"Soyka","year":"1964","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198509193131206","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Young Adult With Idiopathic Hypopituitarism. 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