{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:51:08Z","timestamp":1775742668686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the micro-vascular changes in choroidal structures in patients with pre- and early-stage clinical diabetic retinopathy (DR) using wide-field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (SS-OCTA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational cross-sectional study included 131 eyes of 68 subjects that were divided into healthy controls (group 1, n = 46), pre-DR (group 2, n = 43), early-stage DR (group 3, n = 42) cohorts. All participants that underwent SS-OCTA examination were inpatients in the department of Ophthalmology and the department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, and Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan, from July 11, 2021 to March 17, 2022. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI), choroidal thickness (ChT) and central macular thickness (CMT) in the whole area (diameter of 12\u00a0mm) and concentric rings with different ranges (0\u20133, 3\u20136, 6\u20139, and 9\u201312 mm) were recorded and analyzed from the OCTA image.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with healthy eyes, decreases in CVI and ChT were found in the eyes of patients with pre-or early-stage DR. The changes were more significant in the peripheral choroid, with the most prominent abnormalities in the 9-12mm area (P &amp;lt; 0.001). However, there was no obvious difference in the average CMT value. Furthermore, CVI and ChT were significantly correlated with the duration of diabetes in the range of 6\u20139 and 9\u201312 mm (Ps &amp;lt; 0.05; Correlation coefficient = -0.549, -0.395, respectively), with the strongest correlation (Ps &amp;lt; 0.01; Correlation coefficient = -0.597, -0.413, respectively) observed at 9\u201312 mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CVI and ChT values of diabetic patients are significantly lower than in healthy controls, especially in patients with early-stage DR. In addition, the peripheral choroidal capillaries are more susceptible to early DM-induced injury than in the central area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1036625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T05:43:28Z","timestamp":1674107008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment of choroidal structural changes in patients with pre- and early-stage clinical diabetic retinopathy using wide-field 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