{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:51:40Z","timestamp":1793832700144,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, an autoimmune thyroid disease, shows high morbidity worldwide, particularly in female. Patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis have an increasing risk of hypothyroidism during the occurrence and progression of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. In recent years, metabolomics has been widely applied in autoimmune diseases, especially thyroid disorders. However, metabolites analysis in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis is still absent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 92 samples were collected, including 35 cases in the control group, 30 cases in the Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis with euthyroidism group, and 27 cases in the Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis with subclinical hypothyroidism group. SPSS 25.0 for statistical analysis and ROC curve, SIMCA 14.0, Metaboanalysis for multifactor analysis, and Origin 2021 for correlation analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>21 metabolites were identified. 10 metabolites were obtained from control group versus HTE group, 8 serum metabolites were abnormal between control group and HTS group, 3 metabolites were derived from HTE group versus HTS. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Enrichment analysis showed that fatty acid degradation, Arginine, and proline metabolism have a significant impact on HTE, while lysine degradation, tyrosine metabolism play an important role HTS group, compared to control group. In the comparison between the HTE and HTS group, Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis exists a key role. Correlation analysis shows clinical are not related to metabolites. ROC curve indicates SM, LPC, PC can efficiency in identification patients with HT in different clinical stage from healthy individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum metabolites were changed in HT. Phospholipids such as SM, LPC, PC influence the pathogenesis of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Fatty acid degradation and lysine degradation pathways have an impact on different clinical stage of HT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T11:33:35Z","timestamp":1671708815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Serum metabolomic analysis in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuchu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","article-title":"Hashimotos' thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy","volume":"33","author":"Ragusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x","article-title":"The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: The whickham survey","volume":"7","author":"Tunbridge","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9703-2","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055450","article-title":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis: similar and dissimilar characteristics in neighboring areas. Possible implications for the epidemiology of thyroid cancer","volume":"8","author":"Latina","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbl012","article-title":"Metabolomics technology and bioinformatics","volume":"7","author":"Shulaev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.659738","article-title":"Reversal of abnormal CD4+ T cell metabolism alleviates thyroiditis by deactivating the mTOR\/HIF1a\/Glycolysis pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9467-y","article-title":"\u201cGut microbiota and hashimoto's thyroiditis.\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Virili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev endocrine Metab Disord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13946","article-title":"Serum polyamine metabolic profile in autoimmune thyroid disease patients","volume":"90","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216374","article-title":"Differences in the serum metabolome and lipidome identify potential biomarkers for seronegative rheumatoid arthritis versus psoriatic arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Souto-Carneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0602","article-title":"Physiological and metabolic changes during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism in graves' disease","volume":"26","author":"Chng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6215573","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6215573","article-title":"Deciphering the metabolomics-based intervention of yanghe decoction on hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.09.028","article-title":"Metabolomic basis for response to high dose vitamin d in critical illness","volume":"40","author":"Amrein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13248","article-title":"Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 and cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Sindhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97944","article-title":"Phospholipid signaling in innate immune cells","volume":"128","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7692","article-title":"PD-1 alters T-cell metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation","volume":"6","author":"Patsoukis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.207","article-title":"Amino-acid transporters in T-cell activation and differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00422-7","article-title":"Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal","volume":"113","author":"Lauber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5296e305","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706586200","article-title":"Migration to apoptotic \u201cfind-me\u201d signals is mediated via the phagocyte re ceptor G2A","volume":"283","author":"Peter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342e4","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701356911","article-title":"Attraction of phagocytes by apoptotic cells is mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine","volume":"40","author":"Mueller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auto Immun"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.10","article-title":"Direct effects of thyroid hormones on hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0297","article-title":"Thyroid hormone effects on whole-body energy homeostasis and tissue-specific fatty acid uptake in vivo","volume":"150","author":"Klieverik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31296","article-title":"Thyroid hormone signaling and the liver","volume":"72","author":"Ritter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0109","article-title":"L-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0203-7","article-title":"Navigating metabolic pathways to enhance antitumour immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003613","article-title":"Cutting edge: distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+T cell subsets","volume":"186","author":"Michalek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00822","article-title":"Fatty acid and carnitine metabolism are dysregulated in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"11","author":"Ottria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.85225","article-title":"Changes in histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation in hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01703","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolome analyses reveal the disruption of lipid metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2020.05.005","article-title":"Metabolomics in the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274ra18","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0835","article-title":"Normalization of CD4+ T cell metabolism reverses lupus","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0218","article-title":"Treatment of Swedish patients with graves' hyperthyroidism is associated with changes in acylcarnitine levels","volume":"27","author":"Al-Majdoub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0356-x","article-title":"T Cell metabolism: New insights in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"16","author":"Sharabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046159\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T11:33:38Z","timestamp":1671708818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046159\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"article-number":"1046159"}}