{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:04:01Z","timestamp":1772114641670,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy. The characteristics of early human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and the rise pattern in patients with GDM after <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization (IVF) are unclear. The present investigation was a retrospective cohort analysis of eligible viable pregnancies achieved through IVF in the authors\u2019 hospital between October 2015 and June 2020. The characteristics of initial hCG concentration and the rise pattern in patients with GDM after IVF, and the difference between those of normoglycemic pregnant women, were explored. Using random-effects models, the preferred pattern to describe the increase in log hCG was a quadratic. When gestational age was within 39 days, the linear model adequately characterized the profile, and the average slope was 0.173, yielding a predicted increase of 1.55 (55%) in 1 day and 3.11 (211%) in 2 days. Absolute hCG values\u2014but not the rate of rise\u2014were significantly higher in double embryo transfers and twin pregnancies. Curves reflecting hCG rise from the GDM and non-GDM groups did not differ substantially. The proportion of patients with low initial hCG values (16 days post-oocyte retrieval &amp;lt;100 mIU\/ml) was higher in the GDM group (5% vs. 2.09%), although the difference was not statistically significant. Early hCG rise in pregnant women after IVF\u2014whether GDM or non-GDM\u2014could be characterized by quadratic and linear models. However, hCG values on days 14 and 16 post-oocyte retrieval in the GDM group were lower than those in the non-GDM group, with the exception of twin pregnancies. Low hCG values in early pregnancy may be a clue to help predict GDM in the subsequent gestation period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.724198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T13:04:06Z","timestamp":1644930246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early Rise of Serum hCG in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Women With Live Birth Through In Vitro Fertilization Procedure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Xiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan-Qing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/103.4.386","article-title":"Biochemical Discrimination of Pathologic Pregnancy Fromearly, Normal Intrauterine Gestation in Symptomatic Patients","volume":"103","author":"Stewart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"A Method of Screening for Ectopic Pregnancy and its Indications","volume":"58","author":"Kadar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000128174.48843.12","article-title":"Symptomatic Patients With an Early Viable Intrauterine Pregnancy: hCG Curves Redefined","volume":"104","author":"Barnhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.052","article-title":"First-Trimester Maternal Serum PAPP-A and Free-Beta Subunit Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Concentrations and Nuchal Translucency are Associated With Obstetric Complications: A Population-Based Screening Study (the FASTER Trial)","volume":"191","author":"Dugoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.068","article-title":"Association of Extreme First-Trimester Free Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Beta, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A, and Nuchal Translucency With Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Other Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"191","author":"Krantz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8430","article-title":"Early Pregnancy Levels of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein a and the Risk of Intrauterine Growth Restriction, Premature Birth, Preeclampsia, and Stillbirth","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1251","article-title":"Prediction of Pregnancy Complications by First Trimester Maternal Serum PAPP-A and Free beta-hCG and With Second-Trimester Uterine Artery Doppler","volume":"25","author":"Spencer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei389","article-title":"Defining the Rise of Serum HCG in Viable Pregnancies Achieved Through Use of IVF","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01057","article-title":"Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Among Women With and Without Obesity After Single Embryo Transfers","volume":"103","author":"Brady","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0607-5","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Overview","volume":"40","author":"Chiefari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7292(02)00092-9","article-title":"The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study","volume":"78","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0238-3","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes: Implications for Cardiovascular Health","volume":"12","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5163","article-title":"First-Trimester Ultrasound and Biochemical Markers of Aneuploidy and the Prediction of Preterm or Early Preterm Delivery","volume":"31","author":"Spencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848","article-title":"Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy","volume":"33","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138747","article-title":"Predictive Value of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin in the Outcome of Early Pregnancy After In-Vitro Fertilization and Spontaneous Conception","volume":"9","author":"Zegers-Hochschild","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(87)80349-6","article-title":"Observations on the Log Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Time Relationship in Early Pregnancy and its Practical Implication","volume":"157","author":"Kadar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)53933-8","article-title":"Further Observation on the Doubling Time of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Early Asymptomatic Pregnancy","volume":"54","author":"Kadar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)48492-x","article-title":"Evaluation of Early Pregnancy by Serial Chorionic Gonadotropin Determination: A Comparison of Methods by Receiver Operating Curve Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Pittaway","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59107-9","article-title":"Doubling Time of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in Early Normal Pregnancy: Relationship to hCG Concentration and Gestational Age","volume":"47","author":"Fritz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90269-9","article-title":"Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Increase in Normal Early Pregnancy","volume":"156","author":"Daya","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137817","article-title":"Analysis of Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Levels in Normal Singleton, Multiple and Abnormal Pregnancies","volume":"7","author":"Check","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193654","article-title":"First Trimester Combined Test (FTCT) as a Predictor of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Visconti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/s0002-9378(03)00769-5","article-title":"Unexplained Elevated Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein and\/or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and the Risk of Adverse Outcomes","volume":"189","author":"Chandra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000172419.37410.eb","article-title":"Quad Screen as a Predictor of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"106","author":"Dugoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181da93da","article-title":"First- and Second-Trimester Maternal Serum Markers for Aneuploidy and Adverse Obstetric Outcomes","volume":"115","author":"Dugoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32973-5","article-title":"Obstetrical Complications Associated With Abnormal Maternal Serum Markers Analytes","volume":"30","author":"Gagnon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Canada"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70334-0","article-title":"Second-Trimester Maternal Serum Marker Screening: Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein, Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Estriol, and Their Various Combinations as Predictors of Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"181","author":"Yaron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.028","article-title":"Extremities of Body Mass Index and Their Association With Pregnancy Outcomes in Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Kawwass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201319","article-title":"First Trimester Prenatal Screening Biomarkers and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Donovan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199608)13:8<748::AID-DIA164>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Why Does Ethnicity Affect Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes? The Underwater Volcano Theory","volume":"13","author":"Yue","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Med: J Br Diabetes Assoc"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03156.x","article-title":"An Analysis of the Interrelationship Between Maternal Age, Body Mass Index and Racial Origin in the Development of Gestational Diabetesmellitus","volume":"119","author":"Makgoba","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2559a","article-title":"Maternal Obesity and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Susan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B34","article-title":"BMI Classification Percentile And Cut Off Points","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Weir","year":"2021"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030975","article-title":"Reduced Serum Glycodelin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During First Trimester of Pregnancy","volume":"89","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.09.008","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Activity, 4G5G Polymorphism of the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene and First-Trimester Miscarriage in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Glueck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.724198\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T13:04:11Z","timestamp":1644930251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.724198\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.724198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.724198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"article-number":"724198"}}