{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:57:50Z","timestamp":1782230270011,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caused by biallelic mutations of the gene encoding the transcription factor <jats:italic>RFX6<\/jats:italic>, the rare Mitchell\u2013Riley syndrome (MRS) comprises neonatal diabetes, pancreatic hypoplasia, gallbladder agenesis or hypoplasia, duodenal atresia, and severe chronic diarrhea. So far, sixteen cases have been reported, all with a poor prognosis. This study discusses the multidisciplinary intensive clinical management of 4 new cases of MRS that survived over the first 2 years of life. Moreover, it demonstrates how the mutations impair the <jats:italic>RFX6<\/jats:italic> function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical records were analyzed and described in detail. The functional impact of two RFX6<jats:sup>R181W<\/jats:sup> and RFX6<jats:sup>V506G<\/jats:sup> variants was assessed by measuring their ability to transactivate insulin transcription and genes that encode the L-type calcium channels required for normal pancreatic beta-cell function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All four patients were small for gestational age (SGA) and prenatally diagnosed with duodenal atresia. They presented with neonatal diabetes early in life and were treated with intravenous insulin therapy before switching to subcutaneous insulin pump therapy. All patients faced recurrent hypoglycemic episodes, exacerbated when parenteral nutrition (PN) was disconnected. A sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy with a predictive low-glucose suspension system was installed with good results. One patient had a homozygous c.1517T&amp;gt;G (p.Val506Gly) mutation, two patients had a homozygous p.Arg181Trp mutation, and one patient presented with new compound heterozygosity. The RFX6<jats:sup>V506G<\/jats:sup> and RFX6<jats:sup>R181W<\/jats:sup> mutations failed to transactivate the expression of insulin and genes that encode L-type calcium channel subunits required for normal pancreatic beta-cell function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions\/Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multidisciplinary and intensive disease management improved the clinical outcomes in four patients with MRS, including adjustment of parenteral\/oral nutrition progression and advanced diabetes technologies. A better understanding of <jats:italic>RFX6<\/jats:italic> function, in both intestine and pancreas cells, may break ground in new therapies, particularly regarding the use of drugs that modulate the enteroendocrine system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.802351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T07:17:55Z","timestamp":1655882275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mitchell\u2013Riley Syndrome: Improving Clinical Outcomes and Searching for Functional Impact of RFX-6 Mutations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Caroline de Gouveia 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