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Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) differences between assisted reproductive technology (ART)-conceived children and naturally conceived (NC) children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included ART-conceived children and controls aged 1 to 12 years assessed with a follow-up protocol. Maternal and paternal background, birth condition, and growth and development indicators were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ART and NC groups exhibited differences in maternal and paternal childbearing age; maternal weight; maternal body mass index (BMI); maternal alcohol consumption; paternal smoking; delivery method; and serum zinc, iron, and lead levels. Multifactor analysis adjusted for relevant factors showed that paternal childbearing age and group significantly affected the BMD Z score. In the subgroup analysis, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization (IVF) (p=0.026) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (p=0.008) had a positive impact on the BMD Z score. Male infertility only (p=0.010) or male infertility combined with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (p=0.026) may affect the BMD Z score. In the embryo transfer cycle subgroup analysis, compared with natural conception, both stimulation cycle fresh embryo transfer (p=0.019) and natural cycle frozen embryo transfer (p=0.006) had a positive effect on the BMD Z score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BMD levels of the ART and control groups were generally in the normal range. Paternal childbearing age and the use of ART independently affected the BMD Z score of the offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.827978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T05:47:08Z","timestamp":1644212828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Children Conceived via Assisted Reproductive Technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xinru","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyang","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yugui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa047","article-title":"IVF and Other ART in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Landscape Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Chiware","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2016.0095","article-title":"Assisted Reproductive Technology in Reproductive Medicine - Possibilities and Limitations","volume":"87","author":"Szamatowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv016","article-title":"Infertility Around the Globe: New Thinking on Gender, Reproductive Technologies and Global Movements in the 21st Century","volume":"21","author":"Inhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01088.x","article-title":"Maternal and Child Outcome After In Vitro Fertilization\u2013A Review of 25 Years of Population-Based Data From Sweden","volume":"90","author":"Finnstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.08.001","article-title":"Health and Disease in Children Born After Assistive Reproductive Therapies (ART)","volume":"106","author":"Hyrapetian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20170047","article-title":"Are Children Born From Singleton Pregnancies Conceived by ICSI at Increased Risk for Congenital Malformations When Compared to Children Conceived Naturally? 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