{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:11:39Z","timestamp":1783091499920,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver metabolic disease worldwide. Up to 70%\u201380% of patients with NAFLD were obese, especially abdominal obesity. Many indicators of abdominal obesity have been reported, including waist circumference (WC), visceral obesity index (VAI), lipid accumulation (LAP), and Chinese VAI (CVAI). However, few studies investigated the associations between these indices with NAFLD. This present study aims to explore the associations between abdominal obesity indices with NAFLD. A total of 7,238 participants were involved in the cross-sectional study, and 1,584 participants were included in the longitudinal study from Jidong communities. NAFLD was assessed by abdominal ultrasonography. The trajectory of WC, VAI, LAP, and CVAI during 2013\u20132016 was identified by a group-based trajectory model. The logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the correlations and causality between abdominal obesity indices with NAFLD. In this study, the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD are approximately 44% and 26%, respectively. In the cross-sectional study, WC, VAI, LAP, and CVAI are associated with NAFLD. After adjustment for potential confounders, the moderate-rising and high-rising groups of CVAI had the highest risk of NAFLD in longitudinal analysis (hazard ratio (HR): 3.903, 95%CI: 2.434\u20136.259; HR: 5.694 95%CI: 3.098\u201310.464, respectively). Receiving operating characteristic curves show that CVAI has the best diagnostic value for NAFLD (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.868). CVAI is independently associated with the risk of NAFLD and may also have an important value to the diagnosis of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.831960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T12:22:59Z","timestamp":1646914979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Associations Between Abdominal Obesity Indices and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xueyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxue","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003136","article-title":"A Gender-Sensitised Weight-Loss and Healthy Living Program for Men With Overweight and Obesity in Australian Football League Settings (Aussie-FIT): A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"17","author":"Kwasnicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28697","article-title":"Histological Severity and Clinical Outcomes of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Nonobese Patients","volume":"65","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014","article-title":"Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Polyzos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30702","article-title":"Unexpected Rapid Increase in the Burden of NAFLD in China From 2008 to 2018: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.3","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Emerging Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Musso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.10.014","article-title":"Neutralization of Oxidized Phospholipids Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06648-6","article-title":"Incompatibility of the Circadian Protein BMAL1 and HNF4alpha in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Fekry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002916","article-title":"Association of Obesity With Heart Failure Outcomes in 11 Asian Regions: A Cohort Study","volume":"16","author":"Chandramouli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13050","article-title":"Body Fat Distribution is More Predictive of All-Cause Mortality Than Overall Adiposity","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.12.013","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Suggests Obesity Predicts Onset of Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Population","volume":"91","author":"Garofalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.5103","article-title":"Differential Association of Generalized and Abdominal Obesity With Diabetic Retinopathy in Asian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"134","author":"Man","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients With Obesity","author":"Garvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.025","article-title":"Visceral Adiposity Index is Associated With Increased Urinary Albumin Excretion: A Population-Based Study","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000485","article-title":"How to Best Assess Abdominal Obesity","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0739-z","article-title":"Neck Circumference as an Independent Indicator of Visceral Obesity in a Chinese Population","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3048","article-title":"Association of Visceral Adiposity and its Longitudinal Increase With the Risk of Diabetes in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes\/metabolism Res Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01095-4","article-title":"Associations Between Abdominal Obesity Indices and Diabetic Complications: Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index and Neck Circumference","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000455333","article-title":"Indicators of Adiposity Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly","volume":"70","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2017-0007","article-title":"Lipid Accumulation Product, Visceral Adiposity Index, and Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index as Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk in Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520004298","article-title":"Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index, a Novel Indicator of Visceral Obesity for Assessing the Risk of Incident Hypertension in a Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"126","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14060","article-title":"Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics and the Risk of non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern China","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05001.x","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: Definitions and Overview of Proposed Guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Chitturi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.04.010","article-title":"Classifying Developmental Trajectories Over Time Should be Done With Great Caution: A Comparison Between Methods","volume":"65","author":"Twisk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20151024","article-title":"Quantification of Hepatic and Visceral Fat by CT and MR Imaging: Relevance to the Obesity Epidemic, Metabolic Syndrome and NAFLD","volume":"89","author":"Graffy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313884","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and its Relationship With Cardiovascular Disease and Other Extrahepatic Diseases","volume":"66","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38214","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38214","article-title":"A Indicator of Visceral Adipose Dysfunction to Evaluate Metabolic Health in Adult Chinese","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1853","article-title":"Combined Influence of Insulin Resistance, Overweight\/Obesity, and Fatty Liver as Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i28.9330","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity: Biochemical, Metabolic and Clinical Presentations","volume":"20","author":"Milic","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0009","article-title":"Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Fatty Liver","volume":"29","author":"Stefan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-S002","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Humans and Their Potential Links With Mitochondrial Dysfunction","author":"Morino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.06.013","article-title":"Visceral Adiposity Index for the Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Premenopausal Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Vassilatou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071580","article-title":"Comparisons of Visceral Adiposity Index, Body Shape Index, Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference and Their Associations With Diabetes Mellitus in Adults","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00419","article-title":"LH\/FSH Ratio Is Associated With Visceral Adipose Dysfunction in Chinese Women Older Than 55","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S306908","article-title":"Visceral Obesity-Related Indices in the Identification of Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome Among Different Ethnicities in Xinjiang, China","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.831960\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T12:23:03Z","timestamp":1646914983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.831960\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.831960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.831960","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"article-number":"831960"}}