{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:24:01Z","timestamp":1786973041770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a relatively frequent congenital endocrine disorder, caused by defective production of thyroid hormones (THs) at birth. Because THs are essential for the development of normal neuronal networks, CH is also a common preventable cause of irreversible intellectual disability (ID) in children. Prolonged hypothyroidism, particularly during the THs-dependent processes of brain development in the first years of life, due to delays in diagnosis, inadequate timing and dosing of levothyroxine (l-thyroxine or l-T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), the non-compliance of families, incorrect follow-up and the interference of foods, drugs and medications affecting the absorption of l-T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, may be responsible for more severe ID. In this review we evaluate the main factors influencing levels of THs and the absorption of l-T<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> in order to provide a practical guide, based on the existing literature, to allow optimal follow-up for these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.859487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T04:21:04Z","timestamp":1654748464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Overview on Different L-Thyroxine (l-T4) Formulations and Factors Potentially Influencing the Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism During the First 3 Years of Life"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Stagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Municchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata Gabriela","family":"Wasniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-17","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"5","author":"Rastogi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-02017-7","article-title":"Physical and Mental Growth and Development in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Case-Control Study","volume":"16","author":"Nazari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism. 2021","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Bowden","year":"2021"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13633-017-0051-0","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism: Insights Into Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"2017","author":"Cherella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000492129","article-title":"Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Neurons and Neurodevelopment","volume":"90","author":"Prezioso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02457-4","article-title":"Ocular Morphology Development and Function in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism Diagnosed by Neonatal Screening","volume":"72","author":"Tropeano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.04.018","article-title":"Even in the Era of Congenital Hypothyroidism Screening Mild and Subclinical Sensorineural Hearing Loss Remains a Relatively Common Complication of Severe Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"327","author":"Bruno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0227","article-title":"Neonatal Effects of Maternal Hypothyroxinemia During Early Pregnancy","volume":"117","author":"Kooistra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2021\/39\/2020074","article-title":"Adhesion to Treatment by Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism: Knowledge of Caregivers in Bahia State, Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Brito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00832-5","article-title":"Auxological and Endocrinological Features in Internationally Adopted Children","volume":"46","author":"Stagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346368","article-title":"In the Italian Population Sexual Dimorphism Affects Pre-Natal Thyroid Migration But Not Biochemical Severity of Gland Ectopia and Pre-Natal Bone Maturation","volume":"31","author":"Wasniewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04128.x","article-title":"Massachusetts Pediatric Endocrine Work Group. The Increased Incidence of Congenital Hypothyroidism: Fact or Fancy","volume":"75","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism: A 2020-2021 Consensus Guidelines Update-An ENDO-European Reference Network Initiative Endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology","volume":"31","author":"van Trotsenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450377","article-title":"Longitudinal Growth, Sexual Maturation and Final Height in Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism Detected by Neonatal Screening","volume":"145","author":"Salerno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02087.x","article-title":"Head Circumference and Linear Growth During the First 3 Years in Treated Congenital Hypothyroidism in Relation to Aetiology and Initial Biochemical Severity","volume":"61","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02651.x","article-title":"Factors Predicting Final Height in Early Treated Congenital Hypothyroid Patients","volume":"65","author":"Delvecchio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0777","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Clinical Update of Long-Term Outcome in Young Adults","volume":"172","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01937","article-title":"Mean High-Dose L-Thyroxine Treatment Is Efficient and Safe to Achieve a Normal IQ in Young Adult Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"103","author":"Aleksander","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0915","article-title":"Update of Newborn Screening and Therapy for Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"117","author":"Rose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3275\/8849","article-title":"The Italian Screening Program for Primary Congenital Hypothyroidism: Actions to Improve Screening, Diagnosis, Follow-Up, and Surveillance","volume":"36","author":"Cassio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1891","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism Consensus Conference Group. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Consensus Guidelines on Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"99","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490001","article-title":"In Congenital Hypothyroidism Bone Maturation at Birth May Be a Predictive Factor of Psychomotor Development During the First Year of Life Irrespective of Other Variables Related to Treatment","volume":"149","author":"Wasniewska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.09.031","article-title":"Influence of Timing and Dose of Thyroid Hormone Replacement on Mental, Psychomotor, and Behavioral Development in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"147","author":"Bongers-Schokking","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.07.024","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Congenital Hypothyroidism: Comparison of Initial T4 Dose and Time to Reach Target T4 and TSH","volume":"147","author":"Selva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.02.021","article-title":"Cognition and Behavior at School Entry in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism Treated Early With High-Dose Levothyroxine","volume":"144","author":"Simoneau-Roy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503770867200","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism: Developmental Outcome in Relation to Levothyroxine Treatment Variables","volume":"13","author":"Heyerdahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(95)70452-3","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of L-Thyroxine Therapy for Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"126","author":"Rovet","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.1996.9.1.63","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone and Attention in Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"9","author":"Rovet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000494056","article-title":"Relation Between Early Over- and Undertreatment and Behavioural Problems in Preadolescent Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"90","author":"Bongers-Schokking","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.128887","article-title":"Initial Treatment Dose of L-Thyroxine in Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"141","author":"Selva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050562","article-title":"A Thyroxine Dosage of 8 Micrograms\/Kg Per Day Is Appropriate for the Initial Treatment of the Majority of Infants With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"156","author":"Touati","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309529","article-title":"How Well Does the Capillary Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Test for Newborn Thyroid Screening Predict the Venous Free Thyroxine Level","volume":"101","author":"Pokrovska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01955261","article-title":"Treatment Variables as Predictors of Intellectual Outcome in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"155","author":"Heyerdahl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2017.10.004","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"45","author":"Wassner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-79722010000100004","article-title":"Entry Into the Treatment of the Congenital Hypothyroidism According to Reports of Their Caregivers","volume":"23","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicol Reflex Crit"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1209","article-title":"Intellectual and Motor Development of Young Adults With Congenital Hypothyroidism Diagnosed by Neonatal Screening","volume":"91","author":"Kempers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)83178-6","article-title":"Motor and Cognitive Development in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Long-Term Evaluation of the Effects of Neonatal Treatment","volume":"124","author":"Kooistra","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1492","article-title":"Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism and Their Siblings: Do They Really Differ","volume":"115","author":"Rovet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502753451968","article-title":"Effect of Different Starting Doses of Levothyroxine on Growth and Intellectual Outcome at Four Years of Age in Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Salerno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.6.669","article-title":"Monitoring TSH Concentrations During Treatment for Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"66","author":"Grant","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.11.1368","article-title":"Serum Thyroxine and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Concentrations After Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"63","author":"Abusrewil","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.8.6718","article-title":"The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Negative Feedback Control Axis in Children With Treated Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"85","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(84)80543-0","article-title":"New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative. Characteristics of Infantile Hypothyroidism Discovered on Neonatal Screening","volume":"104","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(94)70359-0","article-title":"New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative. Correlation of Cognitive Test Scores and Adequacy of Treatment in Adolescents With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"124","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000313370","article-title":"Episodes of Overtreatment During the First Six Months in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism and Their Relationships With Sustained Attention and Inhibitory Control at School Age","volume":"74","author":"Alvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01168.x","article-title":"Long-Term Neuropsychological Sequelae of Early-Treated Congenital Hypothyroidism: Effects in Adolescence","volume":"88","author":"Rovet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.1.8550756","article-title":"Outcome of Severe Congenital Hypothyroidism: Closing the Developmental Gap With Early High Dose Levothyroxine Treatment","volume":"81","author":"Dubuis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2175","article-title":"Cognitive Development in Congenital Hypothyroidism: Is Overtreatment a Greater Threat Than Undertreatment","volume":"98","author":"Bongers-Schokking","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.686317","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Central Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Lauffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0297","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Replacement for Central Hypothyroidism: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Two Doses of Thyroxine (T4) With a Combination of T4 and Triiodothyronine","volume":"92","author":"Slawik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.03984.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothyroidism in TSH Deficiency Compared to Primary Thyroid Disease: Pituitary Patients Are at Risk of Under-Replacement With Levothyroxine","volume":"74","author":"Koulouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000491388","article-title":"European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Central Hypothyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Persani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0833","article-title":"Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Dutch Children With Central Congenital Hypothyroidism, Early Detected by Neonatal Screening","volume":"183","author":"Naafs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0874","article-title":"Cognitive Outcome in Congenital Central Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data","volume":"182","author":"Naafs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2004.061","article-title":"Taking Care of Thyroxine","volume":"27","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2013.09.01.40","article-title":"A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism","volume":"9","author":"Colucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Endocrinol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00168","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Malabsorption of Thyroxine","volume":"40","author":"Virili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9814-9","article-title":"Thyroxine Treatment: Absorption, Malabsorption, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"43","author":"Centanni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27302010000500002","article-title":"The Difficult Patient: Drug Interaction and the Influence of Concomitant Diseases on the Treatment of Hypothyroidism","volume":"54","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0860","article-title":"Timing of Levothyroxine Administration Affects Serum Thyrotropin Concentration","volume":"94","author":"Bach-Huynh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Levothyroxine Absorption in Health and Disease, and New Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Ianiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12559","article-title":"Drugs That Interact With Levothyroxine: An Observational Study From the Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit and Research Study (TEARS)","volume":"82","author":"Irving","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924980","article-title":"Absorption Kinetics of Levothyroxine Is Not Altered by Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Dietrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329951","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Potential Advantages of a New Oral Solution of Levothyroxine vs. Other Available Dosage Forms","volume":"62","author":"Yue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0836-y","article-title":"Oral L-Thyroxine Liquid Versus Tablet in Patients With Hypothyroidism Without Malabsorption: A Prospective Study","volume":"52","author":"Fallahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00010","article-title":"Levothyroxine Therapy: Changes of TSH Levels by Switching Patients from Tablet to Liquid Formulation. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Virili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2684","article-title":"Switching Levothyroxine From the Tablet to the Oral Solution Formulation Corrects the Impaired Absorption of Levothyroxine Induced by Proton-Pump Inhibitors","volume":"99","author":"Vita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2017.1290604","article-title":"Oral Liquid Levothyroxine Solves the Problem of Tablet Levothyroxine Malabsorption Due to Concomitant Intake of Multiple Drugs","volume":"14","author":"Vita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.10.008","article-title":"A Comparative pH-Dissolution Profile Study of Selected Commercial Levothyroxine Products Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry","volume":"72","author":"Pabla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0476-7","article-title":"Thyroxine Softgel Capsule in Patients With Gastric-Related T4 Malabsorption","volume":"49","author":"Santaguida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00118","article-title":"Thyroxine Treatment With Softgel Capsule Formulation: Usefulness in Hypothyroid Patients Without Malabsorption","volume":"9","author":"Trimboli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.003","article-title":"Drugs That Suppress TSH or Cause Central Hypothyroidism","volume":"23","author":"Haugen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0455","article-title":"The Evidence for a Narrower Thyrotropin Reference Range Is Compelling","volume":"90","author":"Wartofsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1995.5.249","article-title":"Delayed Intestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine","volume":"5","author":"Benvenga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(77)90121-4","article-title":"Aspects of the Absorption of Oral L-Thyroxine in Normal Man","volume":"26","author":"Wenzel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2004.14.873","article-title":"Quantitation of a Substantial Reduction in Levothyroxine (T4) Absorption by Food","volume":"14","author":"Lamson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojemd.2012.23005","article-title":"Administration of Levothyroxine 45\u201460 Minutes Before Breakfast Improves Biochemical Availability as Evidenced by Reduced Thyrotropin Levels","volume":"2","author":"Seechurn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open J Endocr Metab Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0435","article-title":"Serum Thyrotropin Levels Following Levothyroxine Administration at Breakfast","volume":"23","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2007.20.5.559","article-title":"How Should We Be Treating Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"20","author":"LaFranchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics5040621","article-title":"Oral Liquid Formulation of Levothyroxine Is Stable in Breakfast Beverages and May Improve Thyroid Patient Compliance","volume":"5","author":"Bernareggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B81","article-title":"Circulating Concentrations of Free Thyroxine After an Oral Intake of Liquid LT4 Taken Either During Fasting Conditions or at Breakfast","volume":"87","author":"Marina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0788-2","article-title":"Timing of Breakfast Does Not Influence Therapeutic Efficacy of Liquid Levothyroxine Formulation","volume":"52","author":"Morelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0422","article-title":"A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Liquid Thyroxine Ingested at Breakfast: Results of the TICO Study","volume":"26","author":"Cappelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0867-3","article-title":"TSH Evaluation in Hypothyroid Patients Assuming Liquid Levothyroxine at Breakfast or 30 Min Before Breakfast","volume":"41","author":"Pirola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.070","article-title":"Comparison Between Liquid and Tablet Formulations of Levothyroxine in the Initial Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"162","author":"Cassio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356047","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism Treatment in Infants: A Comparative Study Between Liquid and Tablet Formulations of Levothyroxine","volume":"81","author":"Peroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1444","article-title":"Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism: Comparison Between L-Thyroxine Oral Solution and Tablet Formulations Up to 3 Years of Age","volume":"186","author":"Vigone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.73.3.405","article-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: Ethanol in Liquid Preparations Intended for Children","volume":"73","author":"Pruitt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000177706","article-title":"Effects of Ethanol Consumption During Pregnancy and Lactation on the Outcome and Postnatal Growth of the Offspring","volume":"36","author":"Flores-Huerta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.e72","article-title":"Alcohol, Breastfeeding, and Development at 18 Months","volume":"109","author":"Little","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02756.x","article-title":"Evidence of a Complex Association Between Dose, Pattern and Timing of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Child Behaviour Problems","volume":"105","author":"O'Leary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":":239\u201347","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2021-0458","article-title":"Non-Inferiority of Liquid Thyroxine in Comparison to Tablets Formulation in the Treatment of Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"35","author":"Tzifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-211","article-title":"An Explanatory Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial of Levothyroxine Supplementation for Babies Born <28 Weeks' Gestation: Results of the TIPIT Trial","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2014.918101","article-title":"The Administration of L-Thyroxine as Soft Gel Capsule or Liquid Solution","volume":"11","author":"Vita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9043450","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Profile in Patients Ingesting Soft Gel Capsule or Liquid Levothyroxine Formulations With Breakfast","volume":"2016","author":"Cappelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9772-2","article-title":"A Novel Formulation of L-Thyroxine (L-T4) Reduces the Problem of L-T4 Malabsorption by Coffee Observed With Traditional Tablet Formulations","volume":"43","author":"Vita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00321","article-title":"L-Thyroxine in an Oral Liquid or Softgel Formulation Ensures More Normal Serum Levels of Free T4 in Patients With Central Hypothyroidism","volume":"8","author":"Benvenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1199-8","article-title":"The Emergence of Levothyroxine as a Treatment for Hypothyroidism","volume":"55","author":"Hennessey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0706-y","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Treatment-Refractory Hypothyroidism: An Expert Consensus Report","volume":"40","author":"Centanni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030206","article-title":"Levothyroxine Interactions With Food and Dietary Supplements-A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Wiesner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceut (Basel)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.01.005","article-title":"Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Skelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-015-0116-6","article-title":"Comorbidities, Concomitant Medications, and Diet as Factors Affecting Levothyroxine Therapy: Results of the CONTROL Surveillance Project","volume":"16","author":"McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"B103","first-page":"2","article-title":"Self Medication Practices Among Patients Taking Levothyroxine","volume":"6","author":"Michel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Internet J Adv Nurs Pract"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001180","article-title":"Dietary Supplements in Infants and Children: Only Beneficial","volume":"63","author":"Agostoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02185-4","article-title":"Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Disorders Having an Impact on Tablet Levothyroxine Absorption: Should This Formulation Still be Considered as the First-Line Therapy","volume":"67","author":"Castellana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0428","article-title":"Concurrent Milk Ingestion Decreases Absorption of Levothyroxine","volume":"28","author":"Chon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0564","article-title":"Use of Soy Protein-Based Formulas in Infant Feeding","volume":"121","author":"Bhatia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.24.5.752","article-title":"The Effects of a Soybean Product on Thyroid Function in Humans","volume":"24","author":"Wyk","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196002182620707","article-title":"Occurrence of Goiter in an Infant on a Soy Diet","volume":"262","author":"Hydovitz","year":"1960","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196507082730205","article-title":"Thyroid Refractoriness in an Athyreotic Cretin Fed Soybean Formula","volume":"273","author":"Pinchera","year":"1965","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.1.148","article-title":"Persistent Hypothyroidism in an Infant Receiving a Soy Formula: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"96","author":"Chorazy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3350","article-title":"Unawareness of the Effects of Soy Intake on the Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"130","author":"Fruzza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.009365","article-title":"Soy Formula Complicates Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Conrad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1021\/tx950076m","article-title":"Inhibition of Thyroid Peroxidase by Dietary Flavonoids","volume":"9","author":"Divi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.249","article-title":"Effects of Soy Protein and Soybean Isoflavones on Thyroid Function in Healthy Adults and Hypothyroid Patients: A Review of the Relevant Literature","volume":"16","author":"Messina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-4-S1-S7","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Thyroid Hormone Transporters","author":"Kinne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03722.x","article-title":"Fruit Juice Inhibition of Uptake Transport: A New Type of Food-Drug Interaction","volume":"70","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02433.x","article-title":"Effects of Grapefruit Juice on the Absorption of Levothyroxine","volume":"60","author":"Lilja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.117.111161","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones Are Transport Substrates and Transcriptional Regulators of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2b1","volume":"94","author":"Meyer Zu Schwabedissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.56.p996","article-title":"Tea and Juice as a Causes of Levothyroxine Malabsorption and Intermittent Hypothyreoidism: A Case Report","volume":"3947","author":"Tesic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Abstr"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4158\/EP11233.CO","article-title":"Ingestion of Large Amounts of Papaya Fruit and Impaired Effectiveness of Levothyroxine Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Deiana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00926-4","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors in Children: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","volume":"20","author":"Pasman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043903","article-title":"Thyroxine in Goiter, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, and Chronic Gastritis","volume":"354","author":"Centanni","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-19-0026","article-title":"Switch From Tablet Levothyroxine to Oral Solution Resolved Reduced Absorption by Intestinal Parasitosis","volume":"2019","author":"Tortora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.06.006","article-title":"Conditions and Drugs Interfering With Thyroxine Absorption","volume":"23","author":"Liwanpo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328723","article-title":"Increased Risk of Coeliac Disease in Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism","volume":"76","author":"Stagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.386","article-title":"Celiac Disease Presenting as Resistant Hypothyroidism","volume":"15","author":"McDermott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B128","article-title":"Malassorbimento Di L-T4 Determinato Da Intolleranza Alle Proteine Del Latte Vaccino E Malattia Celiaca in Paziente Affetto Da Ipotiroidismo Congenito. Caso Clinico [L-T4 Malabsorption Determined by Intolerance to Cow's Milk Proteins and Celiac Disease in a Patient With Congenital Hypothyroidism. A Clinical Case]","volume":"45","author":"Franzese","year":"1993","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.1171","article-title":"Lactose Intolerance Revealed by Severe Resistance to Treatment With Levothyroxine","volume":"16","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300333","article-title":"Drug Interaction of Levothyroxine With Infant Colic Drops","volume":"96","author":"Balapatabendi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.05.017","article-title":"Neonatal Onset Intestinal Failure: An Italian Multicenter Study","volume":"153","author":"Salvia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2020.7582\/2020","article-title":"Management of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth by Pediatric Gastroenterologists in Spain","volume":"113","author":"Mart\u00edn-Masot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S326481","article-title":"Levothyroxine Sodium Oral Solution Normalizes Thyroid Function in a Patient With Hashimoto's Disease, Gastritis, Diabetic Gastroparesis, and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)","volume":"14","author":"Bohinc Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.667","article-title":"Effects of Pharmacological Fiber Supplements on Levothyroxine Absorption","volume":"8","author":"Chiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000093","article-title":"Hypothyroidism Associated With Short Bowel Syndrome in Children: A Report of Six Cases","volume":"62","author":"Passos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.2.8636317","article-title":"Evidence for a Clinically Important Adverse Effect of Fiber-Enriched Diet on the Bioavailability of Levothyroxine in Adult Hypothyroid Patients","volume":"81","author":"Liel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13158","article-title":"Adverse Events Associated With Interactions With Dietary and Herbal Supplements Among Inpatients","volume":"83","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90303-4","article-title":"Nonspecific Intestinal Adsorption of Levothyroxine by Aluminum Hydroxide","volume":"97","author":"Liel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.04.004","article-title":"Hypothyroidism Associated With Parathyroid Disorders","volume":"31","author":"Mantovani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02239.x","article-title":"Proportion of Various Types of Thyroid Disorders Among Newborns With Congenital Hypothyroidism and Normally Located Gland: A Regional Cohort Study","volume":"62","author":"Gaudino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0429","article-title":"The Effect of Thyroid Functions on Osteopenia of Prematurity in Preterm Infants","volume":"32","author":"\u00c7ak\u0131r","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.21.2822","article-title":"Effect of Calcium Carbonate on the Absorption of Levothyroxine","volume":"283","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B143","first-page":"39","article-title":"Interaction Between Levothyroxine and Calcium Carbonate","volume":"54","author":"Mazokopakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Fam Phys"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-006-9166-6","article-title":"Effect of Phosphate Binders Upon TSH and L-Thyroxine Dose in Patients on Thyroid Replacement","volume":"39","author":"Diskin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0296","article-title":"Absorption of Levothyroxine When Coadministered With Various Calcium Formulations","volume":"21","author":"Zamfirescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1798-7","article-title":"L-Thyroxine Malabsorption Due to Calcium Carbonate Impairs Blood Pressure, Total Cholesterolemia, and Fasting Glycemia","volume":"64","author":"Morini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1244-2","article-title":"Undertreated Hypothyroidism Due to Calcium or Iron Supplementation Corrected by Oral Liquid Levothyroxine","volume":"56","author":"Benvenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B148","first-page":"vii, 1094","article-title":"Counseling Patients Receiving Levothyroxine (L-T4) and Calcium Carbonate","volume":"171","author":"Mazokopakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"B149","article-title":"Iron Deficiency and Other Types of Anemia in Infants and Children","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114144","article-title":"The Safe and Effective Use of Plant-Based Diets With Guidelines for Health Professionals","volume":"13","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v88i1.6048","article-title":"Chronic Anemia and Thyroid Function","volume":"88","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349027","article-title":"Anemia in Infants With Congenital Hypothyroidism Diagnosed by Neonatal Screening","volume":"19","author":"Franzese","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288102001102","article-title":"Anemia in Children and Adolescents With Hypothyroidism","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.01.2010.03.0033","article-title":"The Effects of Iron Deficiency Anemia on the Thyroid Functions","volume":"1","author":"G\u00f6kdeniz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Invest"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-0354.116131","article-title":"Thyroid Status in Egyptian Primary School Children With Iron Deficiency Anemia: Relationship to Intellectual Function","volume":"10","author":"Metwalley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid Res Pract"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-12-1010","article-title":"Ferrous Sulfate Reduces Thyroxine Efficacy in Patients With Hypothyroidism","volume":"117","author":"Campbell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2009.09.038","article-title":"Hypothyro\u00efdie Secondaire \u00c0 Une Interaction M\u00e9dicamenteuse Entre L\u00e9vothyroxine Et Sels De Fer [Hypothyroidism as the Result of Drug Interaction Between Ferrous Sulfate and Levothyroxine]","volume":"31","author":"Fiaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199706000-00011","article-title":"Ferrous Sulfate-Induced Increase in Requirement for Thyroxine in a Patient With Primary Hypothyroidism","volume":"90","author":"Shakir","year":"1997","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-199911000-00011","article-title":"Ferrous Fumarate-Induced Malabsorption of Thyroxine","volume":"9","author":"Leger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.03.049","article-title":"Identifying Predictors of Prolonged Levothyroxine Dose Adjustment After Thyroidectomy","volume":"242","author":"Atruktsang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1999.tb00883.x","article-title":"Intestinal Adsorption of Levothyroxine by Antacids and Laxatives: Case Stories and In Vitro Experiments","volume":"84","author":"Mersebach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2004.14.836","article-title":"Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available Edible Seaweeds","volume":"14","author":"Teas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3369","article-title":"Low Iodine Content in the Diets of Hospitalized Preterm Infants","volume":"97","author":"Belfort","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57335-X","article-title":"Plasma Inorganic Iodide as a Homeostatic Regulator of Thyroid Function","volume":"174","author":"Wolff","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113555","article-title":"Vegans, Vegetarians and Pescatarians Are at Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Norway","volume":"12","author":"Groufh-Jacobsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0032","article-title":"Frequency of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Heart Disease Exposed to Iodinated Contrast Media - A Long-Term Observational Study","volume":"33","author":"Kubicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.17.04923-0","article-title":"Effect of Excess Iodine Intake on Thyroid on Human Health","volume":"108","author":"Koukkou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(89)90903-3","article-title":"Topical Iodine-Containing Antiseptics and Neonatal Hypothyroidism in Very-Low-Birthweight Infants","volume":"2","author":"Smerdely","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000190","article-title":"Selenium and the Thyroid","volume":"22","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4360","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin C on the Absorption of Levothyroxine in Patients With Hypothyroidism and Gastritis","volume":"99","author":"Jubiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B171","first-page":"16","article-title":"Vitamin C Improves the Apparent Absorption of Levothyroxine in a Subset of Patients Receiving This Hormone for Primary Hypothyroidism","volume":"48","author":"Ant\u00fanez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8883969","article-title":"Delayed Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism in a Child With Trisomy 21 and Biotinidase Deficiency and Successful Use of Levothyroxine Sodium Oral Solution","volume":"2020","author":"Feldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.934417","article-title":"A Neonate With a Diagnosis of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 6 Treated With Biotin and Developed Biotin Interference With Laboratory Thyroid Function Tests","volume":"22","author":"Nagafuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e32835a3c17","article-title":"Positive and Negative Interference in Immunoassays Following Biotin Ingestion: A Pharmacokinetic Study","volume":"44","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2018.21.1.12","article-title":"Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Patients","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5935\/0034-7167.20140011","article-title":"Prevalencia E Significancia Clinica De Interacoes Farmaco-Nutricao Enteral Em Unidades De Terapia Intensiva [Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Interactions Drug-Enteral Nutrition in Intensive Care Units]","volume":"67","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610385701","article-title":"Clinical Relevancy of the Levothyroxine-Continuous Enteral Nutrition Interaction","volume":"25","author":"Dickerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108314770","article-title":"Quantifying Amount of Adsorption of Levothyroxine by Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tubes","volume":"32","author":"Manessis","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp080632","article-title":"Recommendations for the Use of Medications With Continuous Enteral Nutrition","volume":"66","author":"Wohlt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0082-9","article-title":"Comparison Between Liquid and Tablet Levothyroxine Formulations in Patients Treated Through Enteral Feeding Tube","volume":"37","author":"Pirola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0505-x","article-title":"Indications and Complications of Inpatient Parenteral Nutrition Prescribed to Children in a Large Tertiary Referral Hospital","volume":"44","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3046","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and Iodine Deficiency in Children on Chronic Parenteral Nutrition","volume":"141","author":"Ikomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1807","article-title":"Severe Hypothyroidism in a Child Receiving Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition Without Selenium","volume":"44","author":"Uchoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512213332507","article-title":"Drugs and Thyroid Function","volume":"333","author":"Surks","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01080-8","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We've Been and Where We're Going","volume":"36","author":"Chiovato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170259","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Toxicity of Long-Course Oral Corticosteroids in Children","volume":"12","author":"Aljebab","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309522","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Toxicity of Short-Course Oral Corticosteroids in Children","volume":"101","author":"Aljebab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1210095","article-title":"The Role of Glucocorticoids in the Regulation of Thyrotropin","volume":"121","author":"Brabant","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.11.4376","article-title":"Thyrotropin Levels During Hydrocortisone Infusions That Mimic Fasting-Induced Cortisol Elevations: A Clinical Research Center Study","volume":"82","author":"Samuels","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6540","article-title":"Effects of Variations in Physiological Cortisol Levels on Thyrotropin Secretion in Subjects With Adrenal Insufficiency: A Clinical Research Center Study","volume":"85","author":"Samuels","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106176","article-title":"The Effect of Glucocorticoids on Thyrotropin Secretion","volume":"48","author":"Wilber","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01081.x","article-title":"Kinase-Dependent Regulation of the Secretion of Thyrotrophin and Luteinizing Hormone by Glucocorticoids and Annexin 1 Peptides","volume":"15","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91210-8","article-title":"Evidence for Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Glucocorticoid Receptor-Immunoreactive Neurons in Various Preoptic and Hypothalamic Nuclei of the Male Rat","volume":"506","author":"Cintra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1430","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Decrease Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Human Hypothalamus","volume":"90","author":"Alkemade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1989.tb04142.x","article-title":"Dopamine and Dobutamine in Pediatric Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Bhatt-Mehta","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-2-4-396","article-title":"Neuroendocrine Control of Thyrotropin Secretion","volume":"2","author":"Morley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2303","article-title":"Bromocriptine Reduces Augmented Thyrotropin Secretion in Obese Premenopausal Women","volume":"94","author":"Kok","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1150419","article-title":"Dopamine Stimulates Release of Thyrotrophin-Releasing Hormone From Perfused Intact Rat Hypothalamus via Hypothalamic D2-Receptors","volume":"115","author":"Lewis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02787.x","article-title":"Dopamine and the Sick Euthyroid Syndrome in Critical Illness","volume":"41","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000216680.22950.D9","article-title":"Dopamine Infusion: A Possible Cause of Undiagnosed Congenital Hypothyroidism in Preterm Infants","volume":"7","author":"Filippi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05280.x","article-title":"Effects of Carbamazepine on Pituitary Responsiveness to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Metoclopramide in Epileptic Patients","volume":"30","author":"Isoj\u00e4rvi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.032","article-title":"Central Hypothyroidism With Oxcarbazepine Therapy","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02456.x","article-title":"Thyroid Function and Volume in Epileptic Children Using Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine and Valproate","volume":"49","author":"Hirfanoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.11.010","article-title":"Is the Prevalence of Thyroid Disease Higher in Children Receiving Antiepileptic Medication? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Ilia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seizure"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.859487\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T04:21:13Z","timestamp":1654748473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.859487\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":204,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.859487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.859487","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"article-number":"859487"}}