{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:04:38Z","timestamp":1787321078343,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pituitary stalk thickening (PST) is a rare abnormality in the pediatric population. Its etiology is heterogeneous. The aim of the study was to identify important clinical, radiological and endocrinological manifestations of patients with PST and follow the course of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is a study conducted in 23 patients (13 boys) with PST with\/without central diabetes insipidus (CDI) diagnosed between 1990 and 2020 at Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute (CMHI) in Warsaw, Poland. We analyzed demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms, radiological findings, tumor markers, hormonal results, treatment protocols and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median age at the diagnosis of PST was 9.68 years (IQR: 7.21-12.33). The median time from the onset of the symptoms to the diagnosis was 2.17 years (IQR: 1.12-3.54). The most common initially reported manifestations were polydipsia, polyuria and nocturia (82.6%); most of the patients (56.5%) also presented decreased growth velocity. Hormonal evaluation at the onset of PST revealed: CDI (91.3%), growth hormone deficiency (GHD) (56.5%), hyperprolactinemia (39%), central hypothyroidism (34.8%), adrenal insufficiency (9%), precocious puberty (8.7%). The majority of the patients were diagnosed with germinoma (seventeen patients \u2013 73.9%, one of them with teratoma and germinoma). Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was identified in three patients (multisystem LCH in two patients, and unifocal LCH in one patient). A single case of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, suspected low-grade glioma (LGG) and lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis (LINH). The overall survival rate during the observational period was 87.0%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pituitary infundibulum presents a diagnostic imaging challenge because of its small size and protean spectrum of disease processes. Germinoma should be suspected in all children with PST, especially with CDI, even when neurological and ophthalmological symptoms are absent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:41:59Z","timestamp":1653007319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Pituitary Stalk Thickening: Causes and Consequences. The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute Experience and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Moszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kunecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Baszy\u0144ska-Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Perek-Polnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Majak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"`Wies\u0142awa","family":"Grajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283050844","article-title":"Pituitary Stalk Lesions","volume":"15","author":"Rupp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-016-0070-3","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients With Pituitary Stalk Thickening: A Review of 159 Cases From One Medical Center","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Neurosurg J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4171","article-title":"Pituitary Stalk Lesions: The Mayo Clinic Experience","volume":"98","author":"Turcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02297","article-title":"Etiological Spectrum and Pattern of Change in Pituitary Stalk Thickening: Experience in 321 Patients","volume":"104","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0094","article-title":"Role of MRI T2-DRIVE in the Assessment of Pituitary Stalk Abnormalities Without Gadolinium in Pituitary Diseases","volume":"178","author":"Godano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000779","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Hypopituitarism","volume":"31","author":"Yeliosof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.2.1632360","article-title":"MR Imaging of the Pituitary Stalk: Size, Shape, and Enhancement Pattern","volume":"159","author":"Simmons","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpede.2018.05.005","article-title":"Thickening of the Pituitary Stalk in Children and Adolescents With Central Diabetes Insipidus: Causes and Consequences","volume":"90","author":"Corredor Andr\u00e9s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr (English version) (Barc)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.2027","article-title":"Anatomic and Pathologic Spectrum of Pituitary Infundibulum Lesions","volume":"188","author":"Hamilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6365830","article-title":"Pituitary Morphology and Function in 43 Children With Central Diabetes Insipidus","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24577","article-title":"Predictors of Neoplastic Disease in Children With Isolated Pituitary Stalk Thickening","volume":"60","author":"Robison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1287","article-title":"Pediatric Central Diabetes Insipidus: Brain Malformations Are Common and Few Patients Have Idiopathic Disease","volume":"100","author":"Werny","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0058","article-title":"Central Diabetes Insipidus and Pituitary Stalk Thickening in Adults: Distinction of Neoplastic From non-Neoplastic Lesions","volume":"181","author":"Devuyst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0006","article-title":"Clinical Profile and Etiologies of Children With Central Diabetes Insipidus: A Single-Center Experience From Turkey","volume":"25","author":"Catli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Central Diabetes Insipidus: Clinical Profile and Factors Indicating Organic Etiology in Children","volume":"45","author":"Bajpai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.41.93","article-title":"Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Presenting With Diabetes Insipidus: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"41","author":"Koshiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910050509","article-title":"Diabetes Insipidus Secondary to Intracranial Sarcoidosis Confirmed by Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.6.5745","article-title":"Thickened Pituitary Stalk on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children With Central Diabetes Insipidus1","volume":"84","author":"Leger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"[MRI Study of the Hypophysis]","volume":"23","author":"Cattin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Thickened Pituitary Stalk on MR Images in Patients With Diabetes Insipidus and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Tien","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii165","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now083.04","article-title":"RA-05neuroimaging and Eventual Etiology of Children With Idiopathic Thickened Pituitary Stalk (ITPS) and\/or Idiopathic Central Diabetes Insipidus (ICDI): A Single Center Experience On 53 Children Presenting Over 30 Years","volume":"18","author":"Cerbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3724","article-title":"Central Diabetes Insipidus in Children and Young Adults: Etiological Diagnosis and Long-Term Outcome of Idiopathic Cases","volume":"99","author":"Di Iorgi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010053431403","article-title":"Central Diabetes Insipidus in Children and Young Adults","volume":"343","author":"Maghnie","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.06.019","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Central Diabetes Insipidus in Taiwanese Children","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyd076","article-title":"Levels of Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Malignant Germ Cell Tumor can be Used to Detect Early Recurrence and Monitor the Response to Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Fujimaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"x1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou327","article-title":"Alex\u2019s Lemonade Stand Foundation Infant and Childhood Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011","author":"Ostrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.04.033","article-title":"Bifocal Intracranial Germinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment Outcomes in 20 Patients and Review of the Literature","volume":"82","author":"Weksberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27302013000700012","article-title":"An Intrasellar Germinoma With Normal Tumor Marker Concentrations Mimicking Primary Lymphocytic Hypophysitis","volume":"57","author":"Guzzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2020.07.017","article-title":"Neurological and Endocrinological Manifestations of 49 Children With Intracranial Pure Germinoma at Initial Diagnosis in Taiwan","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01620.x","article-title":"Suprasellar Germ Cell Tumours: Specific Problems and the Evolution of Optimal Management With a Combined Chemoradiotherapy Regimen","volume":"57","author":"Janmohamed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1998.5.1.9","article-title":"Occult Neurohypophyseal Germinomas in Patients Presenting With Central Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"5","author":"Kato","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304332","article-title":"Germ Cell Tumor in the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial Region: Clinical Features and Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Nishio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.106480","article-title":"Precocious Puberty Due to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Secreting Germinoma","volume":"7","author":"Nascimento","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2001.14.6.789","article-title":"Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone-Independent Precocious Puberty in a 5 Year-Old Girl With Suprasellar Germ Cell Tumor Secreting beta-hCG and Alpha-Fetoprotein","volume":"14","author":"Starzyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.4.0601","article-title":"Precocious Puberty in a Girl With an hCG-Secreting Suprasellar Immature Teratoma","volume":"81","author":"Kitanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Case Rep J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"198","article-title":"Precocious Puberty Due to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Secreting Pineal Tumor","volume":"29","author":"Kuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.12.8530631","article-title":"Aromatase Expression in Human Germinomas With Possible Biological Effects","volume":"80","author":"O\u2019Marcaigh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-52-1-9","article-title":"Hormonal and Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Central Nervous System Germinoma in Children and Adolescents and the Effect of Therapy: Report of 10 Patients","volume":"52","author":"Sklar","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.024","article-title":"Delayed Diagnosis in Children With Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors","volume":"163","author":"Sethi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24097","article-title":"Diagnostic Sensitivity of Serum and Lumbar CSF bHCG in Newly Diagnosed CNS Germinoma","volume":"59","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cns.15.13","article-title":"Management of CNS Germinoma","volume":"4","author":"Osorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Oncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2010.010074","article-title":"Validation of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Immunoassay in Cerebrospinal Fluid for the Diagnostic Work-Up of Neurohypophyseal Germinomas","volume":"48","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2329048X19848181","article-title":"Germinoma Mimicking Brain Inflammation: A Case Report","volume":"6","author":"Pierzchlewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Neurol Open"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2012.03.010","article-title":"Neurohypophyseal Germinoma: hCG in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Key for a Diagnostic Challenge","volume":"60","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"[Pituitary Germinoma and Lymphocytic Hypophysitis: A Pitfall","volume":"23","author":"Houdouin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rep two cases] Ann Pathol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3955","article-title":"Idiopathic Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus, Pituitary Stalk Thickening, and the Occult Intracranial Germinoma in Children and Adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Mootha","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200003000-00004","article-title":"Pituicytoma: A Distinctive Low-Grade Glioma of the Neurohypophysis","volume":"24","author":"Brat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-690636","article-title":"Revised Classification of Histiocytoses and Neoplasms of the Macrophage-Dendritic Cell Lineages","volume":"127","author":"Emile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.03.001","article-title":"Central Nervous System Disease in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis","volume":"156","author":"Grois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Adults | Histiocytosis Association2021","DOI":"10.53347\/rID-151596"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24367","article-title":"Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH): Guidelines for Diagnosis, Clinical Work-Up, and Treatment for Patients Till the Age of 18 Years","volume":"60","author":"Haupt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014343","article-title":"Expert Consensus Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Adults","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198910263211704","article-title":"The Frequency and Natural History of Diabetes Insipidus in Children With Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis","volume":"321","author":"Dunger","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0513","article-title":"Writing Committee Central Diabetes Insipidus as the Inaugural Manifestation of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Natural History and Medical Evaluation of 26 Children and Adolescents","volume":"96","author":"Marchand","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7892","article-title":"Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Adults: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"7","author":"Lian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.k09e-045","article-title":"Spontaneous Regression of Isolated Neurohypophyseal Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis With Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"56","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-016-0548-5","article-title":"Clinicopathological Features and BRAFV600E Mutations in Patients With Isolated Hypothalamic-Pituitary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-004-3027-z","article-title":"Langerin (CD207) Staining in Normal Pediatric Tissues, Reactive Lymph Nodes, and Childhood Histiocytic Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Chikwava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-0022-2","article-title":"Isolated Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Infundibulum Presenting With Fulminant Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"22","author":"Horn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2003.10.003","article-title":"Spontaneous Regression of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Case Report","volume":"62","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw052","article-title":"Cranial Diabetes Insipidus With Pituitary Stalk Lesions","volume":"109","author":"Wijetilleka","year":"2016","journal-title":"QJM: Int J Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01881.x","article-title":"Lymphocytic Adenohypophysitis: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Two New Cases and a Review of the Literature","volume":"42","author":"Powrie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-31-4-391","article-title":"Chronic Hypernatremia Associated With Inflammation of the Neurohypophysis","volume":"31","author":"Saito","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318578","article-title":"Hypophysitis in Surgical and Autoptical Specimens","volume":"90","author":"Sautner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199704000-00010","article-title":"Lymphocytic and Granulomatous Hypophysitis: Experience With Nine Cases","volume":"40","author":"Honegger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.2.0262","article-title":"Primary Hypophysitis: A Single-Center Experience in 16 Cases","volume":"101","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810373278","article-title":"Lymphocytic Hypophysitis in Children: A Novel Presentation and Literature Review","volume":"26","author":"Kalra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0808","article-title":"Autoimmune Hypophysitis: An Underestimated Disease in Search of its Autoantigen(s)","volume":"92","author":"Caturegli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000149707.12335.8e","article-title":"Immunopathology of Primary Hypophysitis: Implications for Pathogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Gutenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309023291002","article-title":"Lymphocytic Infundibuloneurohypophysitis as a Cause of Central Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"329","author":"Imura","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.8.7629223","article-title":"Clinical Case Seminar: Lymphocytic Hypophysitis: Clinicopathological Findings","volume":"80","author":"Thodou","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.44.1","article-title":"Lymphocytic Adenohypophysitis and Lymphocytic Infundibuloneurohypophysitis","volume":"44","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.721","article-title":"Pituitary Volume and Headache: Size is Not Everything","volume":"61","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.924","article-title":"Diabetes Insipidus and Lymphocytic Hypophysitis","volume":"42","author":"Katayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0011","article-title":"Autoimmune Hypophysitis","volume":"26","author":"Caturegli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13566","article-title":"Human Leucocyte Antigens Coeliac Haplotypes and Primary Autoimmune Hypophysitis in Caucasian Patients","volume":"88","author":"Chiloiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.1999.00597.x","article-title":"\u201cStalkitis\u201d in a Pregnant 32-Year-Old Woman: A Rare Cause of Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"43","author":"Leggett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"B79","article-title":"Lymphocytic Hypophysitis. The Clinical Spectrum of the Disorder and Evidence for an Autoimmune Pathogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Pestell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.8.8768889","article-title":"The Occurrence of Lymphocytic Hypophysitis in a First But Not Subsequent Pregnancy","volume":"81","author":"Hayes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.168","article-title":"Treatment of Lymphocytic Hypophysitis by High-Dose Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy","volume":"42","author":"Yamagami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.11.1581","article-title":"Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Successfully Treated With Azathioprine: First Case Report","volume":"74","author":"Lecube","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B83","article-title":"Prognostic Factors Predicting the Outcome of Sarcoidosis: An Analysis of 818 Patients","volume":"52","author":"Neville","year":"1983","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mps.2000.105929","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Children","volume":"30","author":"Shetty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-87-3-336","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations in Sarcoidosis: Review of the Literature, With a Report of 23 Cases","volume":"87","author":"Delaney","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199612000-00008","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis Presenting as an Intracranial Mass in Childhood","volume":"16","author":"Leiba","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.05.018","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report and Review of Isolated and Systemic Neurosarcoidosis","volume":"63","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-015-0678-x","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary Sarcoidosis With Vision Loss and Hypopituitarism: Case Series and Literature Review","volume":"19","author":"Anthony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002349","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical Manifestations, Investigation and Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Kidd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328902600102","article-title":"Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in Sarcoidosis\u2013its Value in Present Clinical Practice","volume":"26","author":"Studdy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170175","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis: A Review of its Intracranial Manifestation","volume":"248","author":"Nowak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/92.2.103","article-title":"Central Nervous System Sarcoidosis\u2013Diagnosis and Management","volume":"92","author":"Zajicek","year":"1999","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000299992.09447.2b","article-title":"NEUROSARCOIDOSIS","volume":"14","author":"Aksamit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Continuum: Lifelong Learn Neurol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00670.x","article-title":"Childhood Sarcoidosis in Denmark 1979-1994: Incidence, Clinical Features and Laboratory Results at Presentation in 48 Children","volume":"93","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050637","article-title":"Membranous Nephropathy Associated With Childhood Sarcoidosis","volume":"13","author":"Dimitriades","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1728","article-title":"Methotrexate vs Azathioprine in Second-Line Therapy of Sarcoidosis","volume":"144","author":"Vorselaars","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8444-9","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Refractory Neurosarcoidosis Treated With Infliximab","volume":"264","author":"Cohen Aubart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/enr-2017-0022","article-title":"A Rare Cause of Hypophysitis: Tuberculosis","volume":"51","author":"Ates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Regul"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020228","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2020.228","article-title":"Primary Pituitary Tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.903233","article-title":"Primary Pituitary Tuberculosis Revisited","volume":"18","author":"Ben Abid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2016.07.012","article-title":"Pituitary Tuberculoma: A Consideration in the Differential Diagnosis in a Patient Manifesting With Pituitary Apoplexy-Like Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Srisukh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3435","article-title":"Reversible Hypopituitarism With Pituitary Tuberculoma","volume":"54","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B103","unstructured":"Management of Children and Young People With Idiopathic Pituitary Stalk Thickening, Central Diabetes Insipidus, or Both: A National Clinical Practice Consensus Guideline CerboneM VisserJ BulwerC EderiesA VallabhaneniK BallS The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health2021"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-012-1543-6","article-title":"Endoscopic Biopsies of Lesions Associated With a Thickened Pituitary Stalk","volume":"155","author":"Jinguji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0184-3","article-title":"Surgical Biopsies in Patients With Central Diabetes Insipidus and Thickened Pituitary Stalks","volume":"47","author":"Jian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12769","article-title":"Pituitary Stalk Thickening on MRI: When is the Best Time to Re-Scan and How Long Should We Continue Re-Scanning for","volume":"83","author":"Di Iorgi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0455","article-title":"Pituitary Stalk Thickening: The Role of an Innovative MRI Imaging Analysis Which may Assist in Determining Clinical Management","volume":"175","author":"Sbardella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023536","article-title":"Thickened Pituitary Stalk on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children With Central Diabetes Insipidus","author":"Czernichow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa048","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Circulating miR-371a-3p for the Management of Patients With Intracranial Malignant Germ Cell Tumors","volume":"2","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.79.1.84","article-title":"Is Diabetes Insipidus During Childhood Ever Idiopathic","volume":"41","author":"Stanhope","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452150","article-title":"Guidelines for Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Treatment in Children and Adolescents: Growth Hormone Deficiency, Idiopathic Short Stature, and Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Deficiency","volume":"86","author":"Grimberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01205","article-title":"GH Therapy in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"103","author":"Tamhane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.868558\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T13:29:05Z","timestamp":1675603745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.868558\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.868558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.868558","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"article-number":"868558"}}